Sediment derivatives

Titanium oxide bands are prominent in the spectra of M-type stars. The element is the ninth most abundant in the crust of the earth. Titanium is almost always present in igneous rocks and in the sediments derived from them. 

Rivers transport suspended sediments derived from the disintegration of basin surface layers. With reduced velocity, sediment is deposited in the river channel. The finest material is carried to the sea. It has been estimated that the average mechanical denudation rate for continents is 0.056 mm year (35). This is based on a total suspended load of 13.5 x 10 metric tons year (S). Presently, about two-thirds of the world s total suspended sediment load derives from Southern Asia and large Pacific Islands. Berner has estimated the increase in sediment loss in the U.S. and world since prehuman times to be approximately 200% (35). Current estimated erosion rate from the major land forms is provided in Table I. The relatively recent construction of large sediment trapping dams that normally caused sediment to be deposited in river valleys or transported to the ocean has drastically reduced sediment yields in great rivers. 

Johnsson, M. J. and Stallard, R. F. (1989). Physiographic controls on the composition of sediments derived from volcanic and sedimentary terrains on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. /. Sediment. Petrol. 59, 768-781. 

Our study was based on samples from 11 (Figure 1) 1000-foot core holes drilled in the Gulf of Mexico by four oil companies Humble, Chevron, Gulf, and Mobil. All cores are from the present continental slope within three morphological areas the Upper Continental Slope off Texas and Louisiana, the Upper Continental Slope off west Florida, and the upper reaches of the Mississippi Cone—a mass of sediment derived from drainage of the Mississippi River which has locally buried the continental-slope morphology. 

Martin GDA, Tan LT, Jensen PR, Dimayuga RE, Fairchild CR, Raventos-Suarez C, Fenical W (2007) Marmycins A and B, Cytotoxic Pentacyclic C-Glycosides from a Marine Sediment-Derived Actinomycete Related to the Genus Streptomyces. J Nat Prod 70 1406... 

Soil- and sediment-derived fulvic acid is also composed of aromatic, aliphatic, and carbohydrate carbon components, though it is generally believed to be more aromatic than the humic acid from that same environment. A typical fulvic acid s elemental composition is 46.2% C, 4.9% H, 2.5% N, 45.6% O, and 1.2% S (Rice and MacCarthy, 1991). The carboxyl group is the predominant functional group in... 

DeLapp, R. C., LeBoeuf, E. J., and Bell, K. D. (2004). Thermodynamic properties of several soil- and sediment-derived natural organic materials. Chemosphere 54(4), 527-539. 

A further area in which sequential extraction continues to be applied successfully is in assessment of the likelihood of mobilisation of metal contaminants from sediment-derived soil. When dredged sediment is used to reclaim land from the coastal margins or applied to arable soil to improve fertility, there is concern that potentially toxic elements accumulated under reducing conditions may be released on exposure to an oxygen-rich environment. Sequential extraction can be used to characterise the sediment prior to application, or to monitor changes in metal availability in the soil with time (e.g. Singh et al, 1998). 

Singh, S.R, Tack, F.M. and Verloo, M.G. (1998) Heavy metal fractionation and extract-ability in dredged sediment derived soils. Water Air Soil Poll., 102, 313-328. 

Dr Hosokawa, director of the Minamata City hospital was conducting his own experiments based on the theory from the university He fed cats waste effluent from the factory that was producing acetaldehyde and was able to produce similar symptoms in them, and he detected other changes by pathological examination at autopsy The company that owned the factory, the Chisso Minamata Chemical Company, was aware of his work and by 1959 knew that it was likely that Minamata disease was caused by the effluent from their factory In i960 methyl mercury was detected in seafood and in 1961 it was detected in sediments derived from the factory. In 1966 the factory installed a water circulation system which removed the mercury pollution. The factory eventually stopped the process in 1968 and in the same year the Japanese government announced its opinion that the disease was due to consumption of methyl mercury in contaminated fish and seafood. 

Transport and distribution of sediments derived from Andean erosion across the cratonic landscape of Brazil have caused development of an upstream to downstream trend in geomorphic and hydrologic character of the channel-floodplain system (Mertes et al. 1996). In upstream reaches, scroll bar topography on the floodplain tends to... 

Lamed, S. T., and Stimson, J. (1997). Nitrogen-limited growth in the coral reef chlorophyte Dictyo-sphaeria cavernosa, and the effect of exposure to sediment-derived nitrogen on growth. Mar. Ecol. 

Be, with its 1.5 Ma half-life, adds a longer-lived subduction tracer to the arsenal, one that will decay away in the mantle on a time frame of several million years. The data for the SVZ of S Chile (Figure 6(a)) illustrate the power of the combined approach. The very well correlated U-Th, Ra-Th, and Be/ Be data indicate that uranium, radium, and Be, but not thorium, were transported from slab to mantle to produce the nearly horizontal arrays on the disequilibria diagrams (right panel) and the strong correlations between Be addition and uranium and radium excesses (left panel). Taken at face value, these results suggest that a slab/sediment-derived fluid was added to the... 

Sources (1) Average of all surface exposure data from Table 1, excluding Shaw et al. (1967), which is replicated by Fahiig and Eade (1968). (2) As (1) above, but including sediment-derived data from Plank and Langmuir (1998) and McLennan (2001b). (3) As (1) above, but... 

Two other points are worth noting. First, apart from the A-type granites, the rocks with elevated Rb/Sr and Eu/Sr ratios in Figure 20 tend to be sediments and sediment-derived granitic rocks. 

The role of subducted sediment is particularly well documented for selected, high quality data on arc basalts in which the high Th/La component has Th/La identical to that in the subducting sediment column (Plank, 2003). Very efficient recycling of subducted thorium, together with subducted °Be (present only in surficial sediments), has also been taken as evidence for transport of sediment-derived thorium and beryllium in a partial melt, rather than an aqueous fluid (e.g., Johnson and Plank (1999), Kelemen et al. (1995a) but apparently in disagreement with Morris (see Chapter 2.11) and Schmidt and Poli (see Chapter 3.17). 

Cullers R. L. (1994b) The chemical signature of source rocks in size fractions of Holocene stream sediment derived from metamorphic rocks in the Wet Mountains region, Colorado, USA. Chem. Geol. 113, 327-343. 

Oxidized iron in equilibrium with even the most unstable of iron minerals has a concentration of about 10 M in seawater at pH 8 (Stumm and Morgan, 1981), and oxidized forms of manganese are nearly insoluble at neutral pH. Due to their poor solubility, these elements are conserved in soils and sediments derived from... 

White, 1988 Ford and Williams, 1989 Gillieson 1996). The classifications are all generally similar although they differ somewhat in detail. The present paper focuses on a specific sub-set of cave sediments the clastic sediments derived from surface and subsurface weathering and carried into and through the cave system by mainly fluvial processes. 

The contrast between the two tributaries could be a matter of provenance, a contrast between sediment derived from the Plateau compared to sediment derived from the Sinkhole Plain, it would also be a matter of transport with Hawkins River being the higher energy stream. 

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