Transport by Pipelines

As ammonia is transported at a temperature of at least 2 °C (pressure between 22 and 100 bar) it has to be warmed up at the supplier terminal and cooled down again to -33 °C at the receiver terminal. Main branches have diameters of 200 and 250 mm (8-10 in). Exact knowledge of the p- V- T properties is important [1320]. Automatic lock valves are installed at intervals of 10 miles, so that the volume which can be released between two valves is limited to 400 t. 

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In this section gas processing will be described in the context of site needs and evacuation, i.e. how gas may be processed for disposal or prior to transportation by pipeline to a downstream gas plant. Gas fractionation and liquefaction will be described in Section 10.1.4 Downstream Gas Processing . 

Manor Way, A1014 provides road access to the mainland a rail line for freight nms fmiii the main line through the Shell UK Oil refinery to Thames Haven, and to the Mobil Oil disiribution terminal at Coi-yton. A deep water channel provides access to the ten jetties of the two refineries. The control room and pumping station for the U.K. oil pipeline is located at Coryton. Oil products are transported by pipeline from Texaco Ltd on Canvey Island and from the two oil refineries ou the mainland Helicopters from the site landing pad. survey the pprelines. 

Upon release from a pressurized container, propane vaporizes immediately. This property makes liquid propane economical to store and to transport by pipeline, rail, barge, or truck. Because they are relatively light, propane tanks and canisters can be carried... 

J. M. Gerez and A. R. Pick. Heavy oil transportation by pipeline. In Proceedings Volume, volume 2, pages 699-710. 1st ASME et al Int Pipeline Conf (Calgary, Canada, 6/9-6/13), 1996. 

A coal slurry is to be transported by pipeline. It has been determined that the slurry may be described by the power law model, with a flow index of 0.4, an apparent viscosity of 50 cP at a shear rate of 100 s-1, and a density of 90 lbm/ft3. What horsepower would be required to pump the slurry at a rate of 900 gpm through an 8 in. sch 40 pipe that is 50 mi long ... 

Ethylene is a colorless, flammable gas with a faint, pleasant odor and a bp of-103.8°C. The flash point, the lowest temperature at which the vapors of a liquid decompose to a flammable gaseous mixture, is -I36.1°C. The ignition temperature, the temperature at which a substance begins to bum, is 450°C. Ethylene is sold from 95% purity (technical) to 99.9% purity. It can be transported by pipeline or by tank car. Smaller amounts come in 100-lb cylinders. Much of it is used on site by the company to make other products. 

Example. It may happen that an emulsion that is desirable in one part of the oil production process may be undesirable at the next stage. For example, in the oilfields, an in situ emulsion that is purposely created in a reservoir as part of an oil recovery process may change to a different, undesirable type of emulsion (water dispersed in oil) when produced at the wellhead. This emulsion may have to be broken and reformulated as a new emulsion suitable for transportation by pipeline to a refinery. Here, the new emulsion will have to be broken and water from the emulsion removed, which otherwise would cause processing problems in the refining process. 

The tailings from the various flotation stages of an industrial separation process can be combined and hydraulically transported by pipeline ([90,606], see also Section 10.2). Sometimes the tailings pipelines are dose to the separation plants, and therefore are of modest length, but it is not uncommon for such pipelines to extend for several tens of kilometres to a settling basin. 

Recycle of the carrier fluid will often be required in biomass transport by pipeline, both because large quantities of water will not be available at the inlet end and because discharge of water that has carried the biomass will, in some jurisdictions, be prohibited. This requires that a second pipeline and set of pumping stations be constructed. 

Ethylene is sold from 95% purity (technical) to 99.9% purity. It can be transported by pipeline or by tank car. Smaller amounts come in 100-lb cylinders. 

Unlike coal slurry fuels, which are utilized in a fluid form, coal transported by pipeline is used as a solid after dewatering. As a result, it does not need to be stable when stored in tanks, and it is not so critical that its solid loading be maximized. The following variables are important for a pipeline system ... 

Hydrogen is currently transported by pipeline or by road via cylinders, tube trailers, metallic hydrides, and cryogenic tankers. For the latter, a small amount shipped by rail or barge is certainly required. At present, hydrogen is produced in a limited number of plants and is used for making chemicals or upgrading fuels. 

To obtain favorable reaction rates the product gas must contain some unreacted hydrogen. The synthesis of ethane makes this possible and at the same time meets the objective of a high volumetric heating value. Aromatic liquids are relatively inexpensive to produce since they contain little more hydrogen than coal. Another advantage is that a Btu of liquid is cheaper to transport by pipeline than a Btu of gas. 

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