Translational translation

This was a key work of 17th century alchemy. It was written in Latin by Jean d Espagnet as Enchiridion physicae restitutae... and the first edition was issued at Paris in 1623. A number of editions were issued over the next decades and it was included in a number of alchemical compendia. An English translation, translated by Elias Ashmole, was printed in 1650, in Arthur Dee s Fasciculus chemicus or chymical collections "... 

Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury Tales A Verse Translation. Translated by David Wright. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1985. 

Actually, the model works well only if we admit to at least three different modes of motion. These modes of motion are rotation, vibration, and translation. Translational motion is straight-line motion, such as walking across the room. Vibrational motion is the molecular equivalent of waving your arms up and down. Rotational motion is the molecular equivalent of spinning around in place, perhaps as an ice skater might. Vibrational and rotational motions are only available to molecules, not atoms, because the rotations and vibrations are with respect to some center defined by the bonded elements. 

Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. DNA encodes the information required for synthesis of proteins and a copy of the encoded information is transcribed and processed into messenger RNA (mRNA). The information carried by the mRNA directs the synthesis of proteins, this process is called translation. Translation takes place on the surface of particles called ribosome s. 

Walter Benjamin, The Task of the Translator , translated by Harry Zohn, in Theories of Translation, ed. by Rainer Schulte and John Biguenet (Chicago Chicago University Press, 1992), pp. 71-82. 

L esprit, non la lettre this seems to summarize the whole approach to free translation and the age-old debate between literal and free translation. Translation is seen indeed as a variation on the original text rather than its mirror image. Such a view makes it impossible for critics to blame Vigny s translation for its unfaithfulness to Shakespeare s original. It also confirms the idea of translation as interpretation expressed earlier. 

In addition to the ribosomal subunits, mRNA, and aminoacyl-tRNAs, translation requires an energy source (GTP) and a wide variety of protein factors. These factors perform several roles. Some have catalytic functions others stabilize specific structures that form during translation. Translation factors are classified according to the phase of the translation process that they affect, that is, initiation, elongation, or termination. The major differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation appear to be due largely to the identity and functioning of these protein factors. 

Strictly speaking, molecules also contain some kinetic energy by rotating or experiencing other motions. The motion of a molecule from one place to another is called translation. Translational kinetic energy is the form that is transferred by collisions, and kinetic molecular theory ignores other forms of kinetic energy because they are not proportional to temperature. 

Annotated Translation. Translated by C. D. O Malley. Clio Medica 6 (1971), 49-62.. 

See also Control of Translation, Translation Overview (from Chapter 27), Initiation of Translation (from Chapter 27), Elongation of Translation (from Chapter 27), Termination of Translation (from Chapter 27), Antibiotic Inhibition of Translation (from Chapter 27)... 

See also Antibiotic Inhibition of Translation, Translation Overview, Structure of tRNAs, Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Translation... 

Consider evolution of the translational energy distribution function / E) of a small admixture of alkaline atoms in non-equilibrium diatomic molecular gas (TV > Tq). The distribution is determined by competition of fast VT-relaxation energy exchange between the alkaline atoms and diatomic molecules and Maxwelhzation translational-translational (TT) processes in collisions of the same partners. It can be described by the Fokker-Planck kinetic equation for diffusion of the atoms along the translational energy spectrum (Vakar etal., 1981a,b,c,d) ... 

Translations-Translations Consider the centering pin mechanism in Fig. 2, consisting of a base, a block, and a pin. The upper plane of the base is represented with a magnified bow defect, to which local coordinate frame OpE is associated. The goal is to model the effects of this small geometrical defect on the FR (the pin s axis), to which coordinate frame OpR is also associated. 

The equipment manufacturer or supplier is responsible for translations. Translation of the operators manual is a must Translation of service and installation manuals may also be requited if requested by the customer. The language and translation requirements are mandatory and the equipment buyer or user may not accept liability for language translations. 

Translation Translation and oscillation of the droplet are caused by contact angle variations at the three-phase contact line resulting from the application of an electrical potential between the droplet and an electrode that underlies only a portion of the droplet. The platform used to experimentally study these phenomena consists... 

Revised and Expanded Translation Translated by Philip Manor... 

Differences in scores across countries may be due to a number of factors other than true differences in patient safety culture, making direct comparisons between countries complicated. The first factor is the quality and comparability of translations. Translations must convey the intent of the original items rather than merely directly translating the words and translations should undergo cognitive testing and validation before use. Most international administrations of the survey have shown similar factor stiuctures to the US version and acceptable psychometric... 

Translation—translation of the RNA-coded message, by the ribosomes, into the 20 amino acid alphabet of protein structure, and assembly of the latter ... 

Translation. Translation is the process by which the instructions encoded in mRNA are used, in conjunction with tRNA and ribosomes, to determine the sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis... 

Example 10. Translation. Translation cannot be represented as a matrix transformation (C.l). It is, however, an isometric operation, i.e. preserves the distances among the points of the transformed object. This is sufficient for us. Let us enlarge the set of the allowed operations in 3D Euclidean space by isometry. Similarly, as in the case of rotations let us define a shift of the function f(r). A shift of function f(r) by vector ri is such a transformation TZ(ri) (in the Hilbert space) that the new function f (r) = f(r-ri). As an example let us take function f(r) = exp[— r—pqPi and let us shift it by vector rj. Translations obey the known relation (C.2) ... 

Considering a translation-translation matrix element M, , we note that translational displacements u, are antisymmetric to inversion. As a result, we obtain... 

The dynamical matrix consists then of two square blocks composed of real elements (the translation-translation block and the libration-libration block) and two off-diagonal, generally rectangular blocks of pure imaginary elements (translation-libration interactions). Such a matrix can be transformed (Cochran and Pawley, 1964) into a real symmetric matrix of the same dimension by a transformation of the coordinates, which leaves all translational coordinates unchanged and transforms all librational coordinates u lk) as follows ... 

The cell chosen to represent best the symmetry of a crystal lattice. The entire lattice can be derived from it by translations. Translations along the edges of the plane unit cell are denoted as a and b, and for a space lattice as a, b, and c, called the crystallographic axes the angles between the edges of the three-dimensional unit cell are a, P, and y. 

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