Translation factor

Some details of END using a multiconfigurational electronic wave function with a complete active space (CASMC) have been introduced in terms of an orthonormal basis and for a fixed nuclear framework [25], and were recently [26] discussed in some detail for a nonoithogonal basis with electron translation factors. 

The state mixing term, the first in the r.h.s., usually dominates, at least in the presence of avoided crossings. Its determination reduces to a simple problem of interpolation of the Hu matrix elements, according to eq.(16). The second term corresponds, for large R, to the electron translation factor (see for instance [38]). This term depends on the choice of the reference frame that is, for baricentric frames, it depends on the isotopic masses. It contains the Gn matrix, which may be determined by numerical differentiation of the quasi-diabatic wavefunctions [16] this calculation is more demanding, especially in the case of many internal coordinates. It is therefore interesting to adopt the approximation ... 

Mikami, S., Masutani, M., Sonenberg, N., Yokoyama, S., and Imataka, H. (2006). An efficient mammalian cell-free translation system supplemented with translation factors. Protein Expr. PuriJ. 46, 348—357. 

An Approach to Studying the Localization and Dynamics of Eukaryotic Translation Factors in Live Yeast Cells... 

Dever, T. E. (2002). Gene-specific regulation by general translation factors. Cell 108, 545-556. 

Methods for Studying Signal-Dependent Regulation of Translation Factor Activity... 

Procedures are described for determining the states of phosphorylation and/or activity of several translation factors, and of kinases that phosphorylate them. We also outline procedures for assessing the states of activation of relevant signaling pathways. In addition, we provide guidelines on using small molecule inhibitors to assess the involvement of specific signaling pathways in controlling translation factors and protein synthesis. 

Introduction to Signaling Pathways and the Control of Translation Factors... 

Both the overall rate of protein synthesis and the translation of certain specific mRNAs are controlled by agents such as hormones, growth factors, and other extracellular stimuli. As precursors for protein assembly, amino acids also regulate the translational machinery. Because protein synthesis consumes a high proportion of cellular metabolic energy, the energy status of the cell also modulates translation factors. 

The main method through which these agents regulate the translational apparatus is via changes in the states of phosphorylation of translation factors and related proteins phosphorylation may, for example, alter the intrinsic activity of translation factors or affect their ability to bind other components (other factors, the ribosome, or RNA). 

This chapter describes techniques for studying (i) the regulation of translation factors by phosphorylation (ii) the activities of protein kinases... 

Mader, S., Lee, H., Pause, A., and Sonenberg, N. (1995). The translation initiation factor eIF-4E binds to a common motif shared by the translation factor eIF-4gamma and the translational repressors 4E-binding proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 4990-4997. 

Waskiewicz, A. J., Johnson, J. C., Penn, B., Mahalingam, M., Kimball, S. R., and Cooper, J. A. (1999). Phosphorylation of the cap-binding protein eukaryotic translation factor 4E by protein kinase Mnkl in vivo. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19, 1871—1880. 

Fletcher, C. M., McGuire, A. M., Gingras, A. C., Li, H., Matsuo, H., Sonenberg, N., and Wagner, G. (1998). 4E binding proteins inhibit the translation factor eIF4E without folded structure. Biochemistry 37, 9-15. 

Li, S., Takasu, T., Perlman, D. M., Peterson, M. S., Burrichter, D., Avdulov, S., Bitterman, P. B., and Polunovsky, V. A. (2003). Translation factor eIF4E rescues cells from Myc-dependent apoptosis by inhibiting cytochrome c release. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 3015-3022. 

Polymyositis/dermatomyositis 5 67% Translational factors, others Ultraviolet radiation/vitamin D... 

Rotation of the translated factor axes is an eigenvalue-eigenvector problem, the complete discussion of which is beyond the scope of this presentation. It may be shown that there exists a set of rotated factor axes such that the off-diagonal terms of the resulting S matrix are equal to zero (the indicates rotation) that is, in the translated and rotated coordinate system, there are no interaction terms. The relationship between the rotated coordinate system and the translated coordinate system centered at the stationary point is given by... 

The signs and magnitudes of b[ x ] and 22 22 reveal the essential features of the response surface. Table 12.3 gives some of the possibilities these possibilities are illustrated in Figures 12.18-12.22. For the parameter estimates of Equation 12.64, rotation of the translated factor axes gives... 

---