Kinetic energy, translational

Magnetic sector instruments typically operate with ion sources held at a potential of between 6 and 10 kV. This results in ions with keV translational kinetic energies. The ion kinetic energy can be written as zt V = Ifur and thus the ion velocity is given by the relationship... 

Ions accelerated out of the ion source with keV translational kinetic energies (and m/z selected with the magnetic sector) will arrive in the FFR of the instrument in several microseconds. Ions dissociating on this... 

In the FFR of the sector mass spectrometer, the unimolecular decomposition fragments, and B, of tire mass selected metastable ion AB will, by the conservation of energy and momentum, have lower translational kinetic energy, T, than their precursor ... 

Since ions analysed with a quadnipole instniment have low translational kinetic energies, it is possible for them to undergo bimoleciilar reactions with species inside an RF-only quadnipole. These bimoleciilar reactions are often iisefiil for the stnictural characterization of isomeric species. An example of this is the work of Flanison and co-workers [17]. They probed the reactions of CH. NHVions with isomeric butenes and... 

As with the quadmpole ion trap, ions with a particular m/z ratio can be selected and stored in tlie FT-ICR cell by the resonant ejection of all other ions. Once isolated, the ions can be stored for variable periods of time (even hours) and allowed to react with neutral reagents that are introduced into the trapping cell. In this maimer, the products of bi-molecular reactions can be monitored and, if done as a fiinction of trapping time, it is possible to derive rate constants for the reactions [47]. Collision-induced dissociation can also be perfomied in the FT-ICR cell by tlie isolation and subsequent excitation of the cyclotron frequency of the ions. The extra translational kinetic energy of the ion packet results in energetic collisions between the ions and background... 

Caution During a sininlation, solvent temperature may increase wh ile th e so In te cools. This is particii larly true of sm all solven t molecules, such as water, that can acquire high translational and rotational energies. In contrast, a macromolecule, such as a peptide, retains most of its kinetic energy in vibrational modes. This problem rem ains un solved, an d this n ote of cau tion is provided to advise you to give special care to simulations using solvent. 

The kinetic or translational energy of the ions is equal to the work done on moving the charged species through the potential, V, i.e., l/2mjVi = zV and l/2m2V2 = zV, where z is the charge on the ions and Vj, V2 are their final velocities. From this, we obtain Equations 33.1 and 33.2. 

Extra energy can be added to atoms, molecules, and ions, causing them to become energetically excited. For atoms, molecules, and ions, the extra energy can make them move faster (an increase in kinetic or translational energy). 

Ion kinetic energy spectrum. A spectrum obtained when a beam of ions is separated according to the translational energy-to-charge ratios of the ionic species contained within it. A radial electric field achieves separation of the various ionic species in this way. 

Translational energy, which may be directly calculated from the classical kinetic theory of gases since the spacings of these quantized energy levels are so small as to be negligible. The Maxwell-Boltzmann disuibution for die kinetic energies of molecules in a gas, which is based on die assumption diat die velocity specuum is continuous is, in differential form. 

The Hamiltonian H consists of kinetic energy due to the translational and rotational degrees of freedom and the potential energy contributions due to the coupHng between the particles,... 

The main sources of deviation lie in estimates of energy and in release-process details. It is unclear whether the energy equations given in preceding sections are good estimates of explosion energy. In addition, energy translated into kinetic... 

As was expected, the Erode equation (9.3.1) gives higher values for energy than the others [(9.3.2) with (9.3.3) and (9.3.4)]. The use of Eq. (9.3.2) with (9.3.4) is recommended. Twenty to fifty percent of this energy will be translated into the kinetic energy of the fragments, so the maximum kinetic energy will be ... 

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