Translation specificity

Certain measures re.spond particularly strongly to the intrinsic structural symmetry of r lattices cycle number (= C ) enumeration, for example, does not identify two cycles all of whose states are related by a spatial translation. Specific profiles may, therefore, be interrupted by a series of pronounced peaks at gj = (see figures (3.47-a,d), (3.48-d) and (3.49-a), for example). 

Inactivation of eukaryotic translation factors by covalent modification is one of the few mechanisms known to regulate the rate of translation. Specific protein kinases have been identified that phosphorylate and inactive both eIF-1 and EF-2. The significance of the phosphorylation of EF-2 as a regulatory mechanism of the elongation rate is still not clear, but the phosphorylation of eIF-2 appears to be a general mechanism for controlling translation initiation in many cells. 

RTC Ops demands disrupt sleep and circadian physiology with a variety of consequences. In this section, examples demonstrate how these consequences translate specifically into sleep loss, increased sleepiness, and decreased safety across a variety of representative work settings. 

Shine, J. Dalgamo, L. (1975). Terminal-sequence analysis of bacterial ribosomal RNA. Correlation between the 3 -tenninal-polypyrimidine sequence of 16-S RNA and translational specificity of the ribosome. Eur J Biochem 57,221-30. 

A promoter site on DNA Transcribes repressor Initiates transcription Codes for RNA polymerase Regulates termination Translates specific proteins... 

Translating specifications for external requirements into internal requirements requires the following five items of information ... 

RNA editing is a post-transcriptional event that changes one canonical nucleotide into another in nascent RNA transcripts, especially in mRNAs. Since this has the potential to change the amino acid identity of the pertinent codon, RNA editing has been shown to play an extremely important role in generating protein diversity and/or regulating translation specificity. Of all the RNA editing events, deamination is probably the one that has been most extensively studied. In this section, two representative deamination modifications, adenosine to inosine (A to I) and cytidine to uridine (C to U) conversions are discussed. 

Translation - specifically, the ability to translate what you are doing and why, including important concepts and conclusions, into the language of different constituencies (e.g., your boss, investors, non-technical colleagues, and reporters). 

While the poly (A) sequences do seem to be involved in the transport of mRNA s from the nucleus, this does not seem to be the sole function of the poly (A) tract for example, adenovirus DNA appears to lack a DNA sequence complementary to poly (A) but replicates in the nucleus of the mammalian cell and appears to have a poly (A) tract added to the viral mRNA by host-cell mechanisms for transport of the adenovirus mRNA to the cytoplasm (Philipson et ah, 1971). As with cellular messages, cordycepin blocks both the labeling of the poly (A) tracts and the appearance of adenovirus-specific RNA in the cytoplasm of infected cells (Philipson et ah, 1971). In contrast, vaccinia virus replicates exclusively in the cytoplasm of cells it infects and still contains poly(A) sequences (Kates, 1970). Since no role in transport is involved here, it suggests that some mRNAs may require a poly (A) sequence for proper translation. Further, not all mammalian mRNAs contain poly (A) and still are transported to the cytoplasm for translation. Specifically, the 9 S histone message isolated by Adesnik and Darnell (1972) from HeLa cells lacks any detectable poly (A) sequence of any significant length. These workers have also shown that the exit time of the histone mRNA molecule from the nucleus is shorter than that of other messenger RNA s. 

Detjen, B. M., Walden, W. E., and Thach, R. E., 1982, Translational specificity in reovirus-infected mouse fibroblasts, J. Biol. Chem. 257 9855. 

A bimoleciilar reaction can be regarded as a reactive collision with a reaction cross section a that depends on the relative translational energy of the reactant molecules A and B (masses and m ). The specific rate constant k(E ) can thus fonnally be written in tenns of an effective reaction cross section o, multiplied by the relative centre of mass velocity... 

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An N-atom molecular system may he described by dX Cartesian coordinates. Six independent coordinates (five for linear molecules, three fora single atom) describe translation and rotation of the system as a whole. The remaining coordinates describe the nioleciiUir configuration and the internal structure. Whether you use molecular mechanics, quantum mechanics, or a specific computational method (AMBER, CXDO. etc.), yon can ask for the energy of the system at a specified configuration. This is called a single poin t calculation. ... 

Solutions to a Schrodinger equation for this last Hamiltonian (7) describe the vibrational, rotational, and translational states of a molecular system. This release of HyperChem does not specifically explore solutions to the nuclear Schrodinger equation, although future releases may. Instead, as is often the case, a classical approximation is made replacing the Hamiltonian by the classical energy ... 

For example, a polypeptide is synthesized as a linear polymer derived from the 20 natural amino acids by translation of a nucleotide sequence present in a messenger RNA (mRNA). The mature protein exists as a weU-defined three-dimensional stmcture. The information necessary to specify the final (tertiary) stmcture of the protein is present in the molecule itself, in the form of the specific sequence of amino acids that form the protein (57). This information is used in the form of myriad noncovalent interactions (such as those in Table 1) that first form relatively simple local stmctural motifs (helix... 

Biosynthesis. The biosynthesis of neuropeptides is much more complex and involves the multistep process of transcription of specific mRNA from specific genes, formation of a high molecular weight protein product by translation, post-translational processing of the protein precursor to allow for... 

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