Translation proper

Symmetry operation A symmetry operation or a series of symmetry operations converts an object into an exact replica of itself. In crystal structures, the possible symmetry operations are axes of rotation and rotatory inversion, screw axes, and glide planes, as well as lattice translations. Proper operations, which convert an object into a replica of itself, are translation and rotation. Improper operations, which convert an object into the mirror image of its replica, are reflection and inversion. 

Interlingual translation or translation proper is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language. 

Jakobson s definitions have the advantage of opening up the discussion of translation to forms of writing which would not necessarily be included in more traditional approaches. Translation proper , that is to say from one language to another, is only one form of translation, which includes rewriting (intralingual) and transposition (intersemiotic). The traditional distinction between translation, adaptation and version should not indeed hide the fact that all these are forms of dual,... 

The group of Poincare transformations consists of coordinate transformations (rotations, translations, proper Lorentz transformations...) linking the different inertial frames that are supposed to be equivalent for the description of nature. The free Dirac equation is invariant under these Poincare transformations. More precisely, the free Dirac equation is invariant under (the covering group of) the proper orthochronous Poincare group, which excludes the time reversal and the space-time inversion, but does include the parity transformation (space reflection). 

The space group of a crystal structure can be considered as the set of all the symmetry operations which leave the structure invariant. All the elements (symmetry operations) of this set satisfy the characteristics of a group and their number (order) is infinite. Of course, this definition is only valid for an ideai structure extending to infinity. For practical purpose, however, it can be applied to the finite size of real crystals. Lattice translations, proper or improper rotations with or without screw or gliding components are all examples of symmetry operations. 

IfweuseS(g (t)) = G [—f) and the frequency translation properly of Fourier transforms, this equation becomes... 

In the cytoplasm, the mRNA attaches to a ribosome and acts as a template for the construction of a protein with the proper amino acid sequence (a process known as translation ). Single amino acids are brought to the ribosome by transfer RNA molecules (tRNA) and added to the growing amino acid chain in the order instructed by the mRNA. Each time a nucleotide is added to the growing RNA strand, one molecule of ATP is broken down to ADP. Each time a tRNA binds an amino acid and each time the amino acid is added to the protein, additional ATP is broken down to ADP. Because proteins can contain many hundreds of amino acids, the cell must expend the energy in 1,000 or more ATP molecules to build each protein molecule. 

When rotation occurs, static imbalance translates into a centrifugal force. As a result, this type of imbalance is sometimes referred to as force imbalance and some balancing machine manufacturers use the word force instead of static on their machines. However, when the term force imbalance was just starting to be accepted as the proper term, an American standardization committee on balancing terminology standardized the term static instead of force. The rationale was that the role of the standardization committee was not to determine and/or correct right or wrong practices, but to standardize those currently in use by industry. As a result, the term static imbalance is now widely accepted as the international standard and, therefore, is the term used in this chapter. 

Artifact removal and/or linearization. A common form of artifact removal is baseline correction of a spectrum or chromatogram. Common linearizations are the conversion of spectral transmittance into spectral absorbance and the multiplicative scatter correction for diffuse reflectance spectra. We must be very careful when attempting to remove artifacts. If we do not remove them correctly, we can actually introduce other artifacts that are worse than the ones we are trying to remove. But, for every artifact that we can correctly remove from the data, we make available additional degrees-of-freedom that the model can use to fit the relationship between the concentrations and the absorbances. This translates into greater precision and robustness of the calibration. Thus, if we can do it properly, it is always better to remove an artifact than to rely on the calibration to fit it. Similar reasoning applies to data linearization. 

Ubiquitin modification of substrates can be sensed by proteins, which serve as ubiquitin receptors. These proteins harbor domains capable of ubiquitin binding and help to translate the signal into the proper physiological response by forming signaling complexes or activating downstream effectors. So far more than 15 different ubiquitin recognition motifs have been identified. 

To make these notions precise, the transformation properties of the wavefunction x under spatial and time translations as well as under spatial rotations and pure Lorentz transformations must be specified and it must be shown that the generators of these transformations form a unitary representation of the group of translations and proper Lorentz transformations. This can in fact be shown5 but will not be here. 

The cell must possess the machinery necessary to translate information accurately and efficiently from the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA into the sequence of amino acids of the corresponding specific protein. Clarification of our understanding of this process, which is termed translation, awaited deciphering of the genetic code. It was realized early that mRNA molecules themselves have no affinity for amino acids and, therefore, that the translation of the information in the mRNA nucleotide sequence into the amino acid sequence of a protein requires an intermediate adapter molecule. This adapter molecule must recognize a specific nucleotide sequence on the one hand as well as a specific amino acid on the other. With such an adapter molecule, the cell can direct a specific amino acid into the proper sequential position of a protein during its synthesis as dictated by the nucleotide sequence of the specific mRNA. In fact, the functional groups of the amino acids do not themselves actually come into contact with the mRNA template. 

You see, I d got this idea for The Iliad and The Odyssey. Licensing a translation. Would have been a big outlay, but Penguin had done well with theirs. Seemed to me we d find buyers for a really fine edition with a good translation. And because he d had a proper education—Latin and Greek and everything—I asked Lionel about it. About which were the good translations of Homer. And he said... Una, love, are you sure you want to hear this ... 

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