Translation and Commercialization

Some of the best inventions are solutions to problems that you encounter in your day-to-day professional life. The odds are that your colleagues are burdened with those same problems. This is your unique insight into the market opportunity. 

As a content expert, you have the best insight regarding the problems and the solution. 

Ask younelf the following questions How is this problem presently being solved and Why would my approach be better The ideal response is that the problem is being poorly addressed and that your solution is cheaper, faster, and provides better outcomes. 

In the case ofOtoSim , the problem was the inability to efficiently and consistently train medical students to examine the middle ear—a skill known as otoscopy. One of the cofounders of OtoSim Inc. recognized that the current method of teaching—lectures and textbooks—was simply Inadequate. The pedagogical problem was further compounded by limited time within the medical school curriculum and the lack of a methodology to confirm that students acquired the required skill by the end of their rotation in otolaryngology. 

The solution, conceptually, was to design a tool that could present a wide variety of middle ear images that were the size of an actual tympanic membrane at the end of a simulated ear canal, and that could only be visualized through an otoscope. The solution, in reality, was to develop an otoscopy simulator that satisfied these requirements and enabled the instructor to confirm that the student had mastered the required skill. The technical elements of the otoscopy simulator or OtoSim were explored and developed by the other cofounder of OtoSim Inc, resulting in a series of prototypes. 

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Clinical translation and commercialization is a long process that is fiaught with potential pitfaUs. It can be incredibly rewarding, but you need to enter into the... 

Our laboratory is interested in the biology of mammalian SGs and PBs, and in understanding their roles in the spatial regulation of mRNA translation and decay. The methods and procedures presented here describe our present knowledge of SG and PB assembly and composition. We indicate some commercially available antibodies useful as SG and PB markers, describe some immunocytochemical protocols that we employ, and offer some caveats regarding data interpretation. 

Volume III, Pharmacology and Therapy, addresses developments in basic science, translational and clinical research that are underway to bring stem cell research to therapy, particularly for the treatment of Batten s diseases, graft-versus-host disease and adenosine deaminase deficiency. This volume covers the importance of stem cell research for the understanding of drug activities and design. It also addresses the ethical issues and constraints involved in stem cell research, and its commercial applications. 

The catalyst and oil are in plug flow and the contact time is short so that secondary reactions are avoided and catalyst deactivation by coke formation is properly simulated. The resulting product selectivity, then, is similar to commercial units. Experimental results from a laboratory scale unit can thus be translated to commercial units. 

How surface tension translates to commercial applications will now be examined. Surfactants are often added to reduce surface tension of a liquid enabling it to wet a surface and the equation governing this phenomenon is attributed to Young [3] ... 

Cone penetrometry has the advantages of being simple and economical to use. Also, its results correlate well with testing by sensory panels (Dixon, 1974 Rousseau and Marangoni, 1999). In addition, standardized tests and commercial standards of design are available. The most widely used method is that of the American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS) (Cc 16-60) (AOCS, 1960). According to this method, the depth (d) (in increments of 0.1 mm) to which the cone penetrates the sample is read (AOCS, 1989). This depth is an indicator of consistency and can be related to some structural parameter of the material. Penetrometry results, for example, are often translated into spreadability or hardness values. For example, spreadability (S), as... 

The research community will continue to provide the lead in developing new science and technology and in stimulating the development of new ideas. The benefits fiom the interactions at this conference will eventually translate into new and/or better products and processes, which will not only provide the justification for continued research and development, but will also more rapidly translate into commercial processes and products and help to deliver the promised benefits of the bio-energy sector. 

It is also useful to remember all media channels, such as pamphlets and alternate video uses, instead of an exclusive focus on commercial television and newspapers. (Beyond news coverage of pesticide risk, someone needs also to look at how entertainment programming represents such issues.) If sources followed the offered guidelines, media s translation and transmittal would be less suspect as the culprit for public misconception. 

FIG. 5 An illustration showing translators and tip and cell mounts for the commercially available CH model 900 SECM. 

From a raw material manufacture point of view, this first of all translated into the need to provide raw materials which have defined properties and consistent quality, guaranteeing a high and constant performance of the finished catalyst. In addition, a raw material manufacturer needs to be prepared to provide improved or new raw materials in order to support new developments in the catalytic industry. In this regards it essential that new products can be scaled-up and commercialized in a minimum period of time giving the catalyst manufacturer high degree of security and helping to keep development cycles as short as possible. 

Products banned is a collaborative exercise. WHO collects, screens and processes the information relating to government s regulatory measures on pharmaceuticals, and on the health related and environmental reasons for these measures. UNEP/IRPTC performs a similar function for chemical products and the United Nations cowdinates the inputs, incoqtorates other available data, collects and reviews the commercial data, and edits, translates and publishes the directory which is a substantial volume of approaching 800 pages. 

The corporate effort behind the development of polyester films such as Cronar photographic film base (1951) and Mylar film (1952) typifies procedures applied to hundreds of Du Pont developments. Sixteen years of development work were required before the fundamental chemistry was translated into commercial success. Along the way numerous chemical engineers and other technical experts were needed to complete studies on such tangential subjects as the crystallization and orientation of polymers, chemical kinetics, and reaction mechanisms. The process of manufacturing the polymer continuously, rather than by separate batches, required new methods of control. New processes had to be developed to manufacture the chemical intermediates. 

Alefacept (Amevive, Biogen Idee) and Efalizumab (Reptiva, Xoma, Genentech, Serono), the two monoclonal antibodies, which block the activation of T cells, were hailed as major advances in the treatment of psoriasis. The sales of Reptiva were 112 million and 160 million and of Amevive were 48 and 15 million in 2005 and 2006 below initial sales forecasts mainly due to competition from TNF inhibitors [45]. The technical success of R D of non TNF biologicals for treatment of psoriasis has not translated into commercial success due to the large clinical data base and dominance of TNF antagonist products. 

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