Transformation of cell

Water-soluble nickel salts enter the cells with relative ease but are less effective than crystalline particulates in the cell transformation assay, when using hamster cells [429, 430]. However, an enhancement of viral transformation of cells has been found [431, 432], In addition, a synergistic effect of cigarette smoke extracts, benzo[a]pyrene and nickel sulphate on the morphological transformation of hamster embryo cells has also been obtained [433], It was suggested that nickel salts are more potent as promoters than they are as initiators [434],... 

Freeman AE, Weisburger EK, Weisbmger JH, et al. 1973. Transformation of cell cultures as an indication of the carcinogenic potential of chemicals. J Natl Cancer Inst 51(3) 799-807. 

MISHRA, N. K. and DiMAYORCA, G. In Vitro Malignant Transformation of Cells by Chemical Carcinogens. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 355, 205 (1974). 

There are also links to other members of the Ras superfamily, such as the Ral protein and the Rho/Rac proteins. The latter are involved in reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Transformation of cells with oncogenic Ras mutants is associated with reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and it is assumed that this effect is due to coupling of the Ras pathways with the fimction of Rho/Rac proteins. 

Barrett, J.C., Wong, A., and McLachlan, J.A. (1981). Diethylstilbestrol induces nei lastic transformation of cells in culture without measurable somatic mutation at two lod, Science 212,1402. 

There is much indirect evidence that transformation of cells by viruses leading to enhanced agglutination by lectins may be due to enhanced mobilities of cell surface lectin receptors. The immune response to such cell surfaces may also be affected by transformation. 

In female mammalian cells most of the genes on one of the two X-chromosomes are completely inactivated. DNA methylation plays a major role in this process.244 245 A perfect correlation has been observed between 5 -methylation of cytosines in CpG islands and inactivation of X-chromosome genes.246 Methylation may also play a role in recombination and repair.247 Methylation of DNA decreases with increasing age.248 It increases as a result of oncogenic transformation of cells.249 Some other modifications of DNA largely limited to bacteriophages are discussed on p. 234 247/250... 

Klarlund, J.K. 1985. Transformation of cells by an inhibitor of phosphatases acting on phosphotyrosine in proteins. Cell 41 707-17. 

The second component of an expression vector comprises DNA sequences required for the selection, maintenance and copy-number amplification of the vector in the host cell wherein protein expression is desired. Obviously, this region is not needed for expression in E. coli. The selectable markers used in other host cells may be an enzyme conferring the ability to produce a nutrient essential for growth of the host cell, or transformation of cell morphology, or resistance to antibiotics (such as hygromycin or geneticin). Sequences for the maintenance of the vector DNA are required for the autonomous replication of the plasmid in these host cells except in cases where the vector sequences Tntegrate into chromosomes of the... 

Eilers M, et al. Chimaeras of Myc oncoprotein and steroid re- 56. ceptors cause hormone-dependent transformation of cells. Nature 1989 340 66-68. 

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