Trans activator

Two domains, t1 and t2, exist which affect the GR post-DNA binding transcription activity (37). The major (t1) transactivation domain is 185 amino acid residues ia length with a 58-tesidue a-heUcal functional cote (38). The t1 domain is located at the N terminus of the proteia the minor (t2) trans activation domain residues on the carboxy-terminal side of the DNA binding domain. 

Trans activation and limiting N1 mechanisms for substitution reactions of cobalt(III) complexes in aqueous solution. J. E. Byrd and W. K. Wilmarth, Inorg. Chim. Acta, Rev., 1971, 5, 7-18 (42). 

Closer examination of the data pertaining to polymerization of lithium polyisoprene in aliphatic hydrocarbons suggests that kpcl and kptt are negligible in comparison with k, and k, = k IS, i.e. the addition of isoprene whether to cis or trans active... 

Malim MH, Hauber J, Fenrick R, Cullen BR (1988) Immunodeficiency virus rev trans-activator modulates the expression of the viral regulatory genes. Nature 335 181-183... 

Kaushik N., Basu A., Pandey V. N. Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by anti-trans-activation responsive polyamide nucleotide analog. Antiviral Res. 2002 56 13-27. 

THE DNA BINDING TRANS-ACTIVATION DOMAINS OF MOST REGULATORY PROTEINS ARE SEPARATE NONINTERACTIVE... 

The transactivation-responsive region (TAR) is located immediately downstream of the transcriptional start site in the HIV-1 LTR, encompassing nucleotides h-1 to h-59 (Berkhout et al. 1989 Muesing et al. 1987), and is reqnired for the function of the viral trans-activator protein Tat. In the absence of Tat (Fig. 5.2b), short transcripts... 

Berkhout B, Silverman RH, Jeang KT (1989) Tat trans-activates the human immunodeficiency virus through a nascent RNA target. CeU 59(2) 273-282... 

Fisher AG, Feinberg MB, Josephs SF, Harper ME, MarseUe LM, Reyes G, Gonda MA, Aldovini A, Debouk C, Gallo RC et al (1986) The trans-activator gene of HTLV-III is essential for virus replication. Nature 320(6060) 367-371... 

Ghosh S, Selby Ml, Peterfin BM (1993) Synergism between Tat and VP16 in trans-activation of HIV-1 LTR. J Mol Biol 234(3) 610-619... 

Muesing MA, Smith DH, Capon DJ (1987) Regulation of mRNA accumulation by a human immunodeficiency virus trans-activator protein. CeU 48(4) 691-701 Nicholson JK, Cross GD, CaUaway CS, McDougal JS (1986) In vitro infection of human monocytes with human T lymphotropic virus type Ill/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/ LAV). J Immunol 137(l) 323-329... 

Johnston IN, Milligan ED, Wieseler-Frank J, Frank MG, Zapata V, Campisi J (2004) A role for proinflammatory cytokines and fractaUdne in analgesia, tolerance, and subsequent pain facilitation induced by chronic intrathecal morphine. J Neurosci 24(33) 7353-7365 Kim YS, Panganiban AT (1993) The full-length tat protein is required for TAR-independent, post-transcriptional trans activation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 env gene expression. J Virol 67(7) 3739-3747... 

To ensure the specificity of the signal, it will always be very helpful to test a unique feature of the carrier under investigation, such as specific inhibition, dependence on anions/cations/protons or trans-activation by another substrate. Sodium dependency, for example, can be tested by replacement with N-methyl-D-glucamine, whereas choline chloride as substitute of sodium is not recommended, since it may influence the membrane potential. In light of the recent finding that many transport proteins display an overlapping substrate spectrum, such specificity controls should receive adequate appreciation. 

Both MOZ and MORF have also been linked to control of transcription. In initial analyses, these MYST HATs were found to contain potent trans-activation domains in their C-termini (Champagne et al, 1999 2001). Follow-up studies demonstrated that the two proteins can indeed function as transcriptional co-activators for two Runt-domain transcription factors - Runxl and 2 (also referred to as AMLl 3) (Kitabayashi et al., 2001a Pelletier et al., 2002). Furthermore, MORF has been found in the co-activator complex associated with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in rat liver (Surapureddi et al., 2002). 

Yedavalli VS, Benkirane M, Jeang KT (2003) Tat and trans-activation-responsive (TAR) RNA-independent induction of HIV-1 long terminal repeat by human and murine cyclin T1 requires Spl. J Biol Chem 278 6404-6410... 

Toussaint, B., de Sury d Aspremont, R., Delic-Attree, 1., Berchet, V., Elsen, S., Colbeati, A., Dischert, W., Lazzaroni, Y. and Vignais, P. M. (1997) The Rhodobacter capsulatus hupSLC promoter Identification of cis-regulatory elements and of trans-activating factors involved in Hi activation of hupSLC transcription. Mol. Microbiol., 26, 927-37. 

Green M, Loewenstein PM. Autonomous functional domains of chemically synthesized human immunodeficiency virus tat trans-activator protein. Cell 1988 53(6) 921-926. 

Examples for other trans-activating domains are the glutamine rich domains of the transcription factor Spl and the prohne rich domain of the transcription factor CTF/ NFl, which contains 20 % prohne residues. 

It is assumed that trans-activating domains are structural elements that can adapt to become complementary to a smface of the transcription apparatus in a flexible and rather rmspecific manner. Information on the structure of the trans-activating domain. 

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