Long terminal repeat

The integration of newly synthesized viral DNA into the host chromosome is a multi-step process (Anthony 2004 Van Made and Debyser 2005) that relies on the integrity of the last 10-20 base pairs at both ends of the viral cDNA besides a fully functional integrase (see Fig. 1). Initially, integrase recogiuzes the long-terminal repeat (LTR) of the retro-transcribed viral DNA and performs endonucleolytic... 

Pearson L, Garcia J, Wu F, Modesti N, Nelson J, Gaynor R (1990) A transdominant tat mutant that inhibits tat-induced gene expression from the human immunodeficiency vims long terminal repeat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87 5079-5083... 

Fig. 3.16 Dynamic model for polyamide intervention in LSF2/YYI induction of latency. The host factor LSF (orange oval) is shown bound to the HiV long terminal repeat (LTR) and recruits YYl (green triangle) followed by HDAC...

Ikeda K, Nagano K, Kawakami K (1993) Possible imphcations of Spl-induced bending of DNA on synergistic activation of transcription. Gene 136(l-2) 341-343 Ishida T, Hamano A, Koiwa T, Watanabe T (2006) 5 long terminal repeat (LTR)-selective methy-lation of latently infected HIV-1 provirus that is demethylated by reactivation signals. Retrovirology 3 69... 

Kao SY, Caiman AF, Luciw PA, Peterhn BM (1987) Anti-termination of transcription within the long terminal repeat of HIV-1 by tat gene product. Nature 330(6147) 489-493... 

Tong-Starksen SE, Luciw PA, Peterlin BM (1987) Human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat responds to T-cell activation signals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84(19) 6845-6849 Tornatore C, Chandra R, Berger JR, Major EO (1994) HIV-1 infection of subcortical astrocytes in the pediatric central nervous system. Neurology 44(3 Pt l) 481-487... 

Wasserman, W. J., and Masui, Y. (1975). Effect of cycloheximide on a cytoplasmic factor initiating meiotic maturation in Xenopus oocytes. Exp. Cell Res. 91 381-388. Wood, T. G., McGeady, M. L., Blair, D. G., and Vande Woude, G. F. (1983). Long terminal repeat enhancement of -mos transforming activity identification of essential regions. J. Virol. 46 726-736. 

NO acts as an autocrine factor that mediates HIV-1 replication as at the molecular level, NO seems to stimulate long-terminal repeat-mediated transcription [125]. It was noted that exogenous NO increases replication of HIV-1 T-tropic isolates in primary T cells or T-cell lines, and inhibitors of iNOS partly block HIV-1 replication, especially that induced by tumor necrosis factor a [125]. The contrasting effects of exogenous NO, particularly NO donors, may depend on the type of NO donors, their releasing kinetics, and the dose used in the study design. 

Tissot, C. and N. Meghti, Molecular cloning of a new interferon-induced factor that represses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat expression. J Biol Chem, 1995, 270(25), 14891-8. 

Coull JJ, Romerio F, Sun JM, Volker JL, Galvin KM, Davie JR, Shi Y, Hansen U, Margolis DM (2000) The human factors YYl and LSF repress the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat via recruitment of histone deacetylase 1. J Virol 74 6790-6799 Coull JJ, He G, Melander C, Rucker VC, Dervan PB, Margolis DM (2002) Targeted derepression of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat by pyrrole-imidazole polyamides. J Virol 76 12349-12354... 

Henderson A, Holloway A, Reeves R, Tremethick DJ (2004) Recruitment of SWl/SNF to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 promoter. Mol Cell Biol 24 389-397 Hines R, Sorensen BR, Shea MA, Maury W (2004) PU.l binding to ets motifs within the equine infectious anemia virus long terminal repeat (LTR) enhancer regulation of LTR activity and virus replication in macrophages. J Virol 78 3407-3418... 

Hsia SC, Shi YB (2002) Chromatin disruption and histone acetylation in regulation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat by thyroid hormone receptor. Mol Cell Biol 22 4043-4052... 

Lee ES, Sarma D, Zhou H, Henderson AJ (2002) CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins are not required for HIV-1 entry but regulate proviral transcription by recruiting coactivators to the long-terminal repeat in monocytic cells. Virology 299 20-31... 

Sune C, Garcia-Bianco MA (1995) Spl transcription factor is required for in vitro basal and Tat-activated transcription from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat. J Virol 69 6572-6576... 

Van Lint C, (2000) Role of chromatin in HIV-1 transcriptional regulation. Adv Pharmacol 48 121-160 Verdin E (1991) DNase I-hypersensitive sites are associated with both long terminal repeats and with the intragenic enhancer of integrated human immunodeficiency vims type 1. J Virol 65 6790-6799... 

Yedavalli VS, Benkirane M, Jeang KT (2003) Tat and trans-activation-responsive (TAR) RNA-independent induction of HIV-1 long terminal repeat by human and murine cyclin T1 requires Spl. J Biol Chem 278 6404-6410... 

Figure 10.3. Schematic view of the HTV-l genome, showing gene strnctnre and splicing patterns, as well as important RNA sites localized in the 5 -long terminal repeat (LTR) and the l -site. See color plates.

Figure 15.3. Retroviral vector plasmid and its features. The "long terminal repeats" (LTRs) contain nucleotide sequences necessary for reverse transcription of dsRNA and, upon conversion to DNA, a retroviral promoter.

Li CJ, Zhang LJ, Dezube BJ, Crumpacker CS, Pardee AB. Three inhibitors of type 1 immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat-directed gene expression and virus replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993 90 1839-1842. 

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