Trait theory

Emotional intelligence and leadership Daniel Goleman (1998) introduced the concept of emotional intelligence (El). This concept, while still controversial, merits some elucidation as it relates to leadership. Goleman and others describe El as the emotional needs, drives and true values of a person. El research is akin to the trait theory of leadership, in which the core elements of successful leaders are identified. Researchers have then taken these traits and identified leadership styles in which these traits are dominant, thus allowing a person to begin using particular traits in particular situations. 

The literature reveals that effective leadership in an organization is critical. Early examinations of leaders reporfed differences befween leaders and followers. The early trait theories failed to predicf accurately the inherent qualities of a leader. Subsequent leadership studies differentiated effective leader behaviors from noneffective leader behaviors. As such, leadership was recognized as a complex interaction among the leader, the follower, and fhe surrormding sifuation. More recenf sfudies asserf fhaf a shared vision and collaboration with followers are importanf characteristics of effective leaders. 

Trait Theory. Some personality traits may lead people naturally into leadership roles. 

The study of personality is an area of psychology which has spawned many parallel and conflicting theories. One style of theory tries to explain where personality comes from and classifies people into types or groups based on differences in personality development other theories merely classify the end result and measure existing differences (trait theories). 

Cattell s trait theory is taken as an example of a descriptive theory. From extensive research based upon the responses to questionnaires on their beliefs and preferences by many thousands of individuals, Cattell has produced a list of 16 personality factors (see Table 13.2). The factors are envisaged as 16 dimensions on which an individual s position can be plotted to produce a profile which describes that unique individual. Since someone can score from 1 to 10 on each scale, these 16 scales provide 1 unique character combinations or personalities, which is more than the total number of human beings who have ever walked the earth since Homo sapiens evolved. 

Dutch mathematician Christiaan Huygens first states his wave theory of light, published in Traite de la lumiere in 1690. 

An important aspect of the histone code theory is that some modifications can be passed on during cell division. As a result histone modification patterns including histone acetylation serve as a means to store inheritable traits of an organism which are not DNA encoded. This kind of information is generally termed epigenetic information. 

Equation (4) is the fundamental differential equation in the theory of binary mixtures it was obtained by Duhem in 1887 (Traite de Mecan. Chim. IV.). 5... 

The effective viscosity predicted with micropolar theory is in very close agreement with that found by experimental results in a previous work. This does not adequately assure that it is the only possible way to explain the traits of thin him lubrication, but it shows the roles the microstructure and microrotation of the particles will play in the lubrication process in the very thin him EHL situation. 

Varietal differences exist in all of these characteristics, and it is our theory that parents conferring the required traits should be combined. Depending on heritability and combining ability, we may add together genes for a number of useful characteristics, and a variety more resistant than any which has arisen by chance should be produced. Salt resistance is thus... 

Thus, in diseases resulting from mutations of mtDNA, an affected mother would in theory pass the disease to all of her children but only her daughters would transmit the trait. However, in some cases, deletions in mtDNA occur during oogenesis and thus are not inherited from the mother. A number of diseases have now been shown to be due to mutations of mtDNA. These include a variety of myopathies, neurologic disorders, and some cases of diabetes mellitus. 

We thus see that the RFOT theory provides a rather complete picture of vitrification and the microscopies of the molecular motions in glasses. The possibility of having a complete chart of allowed degrees of freedom is veiy important, because it puts strict limitations on the range of a priori scenarios of structural excitations that can take place in amorphous lattices. This will be of great help in the assessment of the family of strong interaction hypotheses mentioned in the introduction. To summarize, the present theory should apply to all amorphous materials produced by routine quenching, with quantitative deviations expected when the sample is partially crystalline. The presence and amount of crystallinity can be checked independently by X-ray. It is also likely that other classes of disordered materials, such as disordered crystals, will exhibit many similar traits, but of less universal character. 

The ancient Greeks recognized that organisms often pass on traits to their offspring, but it was the experimental work of the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) that led to a modem hereditary theory . He entered the Augustinian monastery at Britan (now Bmo in the Czech Republic) and taught in its technical school. 

Evolution of chemical defenses according to the optimal defense theory presumes, in addition to costly defenses, that there is genetic variation for the defensive metabolites, that herbivory is the major selective agent for such metabolites, and that the chemical trait in question is efficient in reducing herbivory (Stamp 2003). Research on macroalgal chemical defenses has strongly emphasized the last precondition, which has mainly been studied by testing the deterrence effects of secondary metabolites in bioassays. The defensive role for the trait has been assumed on the basis of deterrence it provides. Veiy little research on the first two... 

From Pierre Duhem, Traite elementaire de mecanique chimique fondee sur la thermodynamique, 2 vols. (Paris Hermann, 1897), I vi. The doctoral thesis, Lepotentiel thermodynamique et ses application a la mecanique chimique et a la theorie des phenomenes electriques (1886), was rejected, partly because of its criticism of the "principle of maximum work" developed by the influential Collee de France chemist Marcellin Berthelot. 

Evolution by natural selection was first explained by Charles Darwin in his book On ttie Origin of Species (1859). Briefly stated, the theory suggests that evolution occurs through heritable propagation of adaptive traits. Nature produces a large variation in the traits of organisms. Those traits that are in some way adaptive, increasing the survival and... 

Nevertheless, there is strong evidence that some mental illnesses are partly inherited. One prevailing theory is the two hit hypothesis. The first of these two hits is a genetic trait that leaves one vulnerable to the illness. The second hit is some stressful life event or environmental insult (e.g., infection or toxic exposure) that triggers the onset of the illness in the vulnerable individual. 

Lavoisier summarized his ideas developed over the previous twenty years in his seminal 1789 book Traite Elementaire de Chimie (Elements of Chemistry). This work presented his findings on gases and the role of heat in chemical reactions. He explained his oxygen theory and how this theory was superior to phlogiston theory. Lavoisier established the concept of a chemical element as a substance that could not be broken down by chemical means or made from other chemicals. Lavoisier also presented a table of thirty-three elements. The thirty-three elements mistakenly included light and caloric (heat). Lavoisier put forth the modern concept of a chemical reaction, the importance of quantitative measurement, and the principle of conservation of mass. The final part of Lavoisier s book presented chemical methods, a sort of cookbook for performing experiments. 

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