Duhem, Pierre

Duhem, Pierre. Traite elementaire de mecanique chimique fondee sur la thermodynamique. 2 vols. Paris Hermann, 1897. 

Duhem, Pierre. The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory. Translated by Philip P. Wiener. Princeton University Press, Princeton. 

Duhem, Pierre. Leonard de Vinci, Cardan et Bernard Palissy, Bulletin italien 6(1906), pp. 289-319. 

Du Bois-Reymond Emil Heinrich (1818-1896) Ger. physiol., showed that electric phenomena occur in muscular activity, physiology of muscles, measurable velocity of nerve impulses Duhem Pierre Maurice Martin (1861-1916) Fr. phys., attempt to construct a general energetic and abstract thermodynamics using axiomatic-deductive approaeh, theory of elasticity and hydrodynamics ( Le potentiel thermodynamique 1886)... 

Duhem, Pierre (1892) Notation atomique et hypothecs atomistiques Revue des questions scientidques, 31 391—454. 

Duhem, Pierre (1902) Le mixte etla combinaison cbhnique, English translation in P. Needham (ed.) Mixture and Chemical Combination and Related Essays, Dordrecht, Kluwer, 2002. 

Duhem, Pierre (1916) La chimie est-eUe une science hranyaise Paris, Hermann. 

Pierre Duhem, "Une science nouvelle La chimie physique," Revue Philomatique de Bordeaux et du Sud-Ouest (1899) 205219, 260280, on 215 also quoted in Barkan, "Walther Nernst," 21. 

Among French physical chemists, Perrin and his immediate circle of colleagues were unique in interesting themselves in kinetics and activation mechanisms. The other best-known practitioners of physical chemistry in France, Henry LeChatelier and Pierre Duhem, concentrated on studies of chemical equilibria and thermodynamic potential. 

The first chair of theoretical physics in France was the professorship established for Pierre Duhem in 1894 at the Bordeaux Faculty of Sciences. 1 Duhem was well known in French scientific circles not only as a physicist but as a physicist of exceptional mathematical skills who addressed himself early in his scientific studies to chemical problems. He wrote a controversial doctoral thesis (1886) in which he developed the concept of thermodynamic potential for chemistry and physics, and he later developed a treatment of equilibrium processes formally analogous to the mechanics of Lagrange. The goal was to make mechanics a branch of the more general science of thermodynamics, a science that embraces "every change of qualities, properties, physical state, chemical constitution. "2... 

From Pierre Duhem, Traite elementaire de mecanique chimique fondee sur la thermodynamique, 2 vols. (Paris Hermann, 1897), I vi. The doctoral thesis, Lepotentiel thermodynamique et ses application a la mecanique chimique et a la theorie des phenomenes electriques (1886), was rejected, partly because of its criticism of the "principle of maximum work" developed by the influential Collee de France chemist Marcellin Berthelot. 

Jaki, Stanley L. Uneasy Genius The Life and Work of Pierre Duhem. The Hague Nijhoff, 1984. 

Picard, Emile. La vie et Toeuvre de Pierre Duhem. Paris Gauthier-Villars, 1922. 

In the mean time, however, much serious attention has been given to ancient and medieval writers by certain modern scholars, and their conclusions have altered, in important respects, the story of the growth of chemical knowledge and speculation. Such investigators are M. Berthelot, Pierre Duhem, Edmund von Lippmann, B. Haureau, John Ferguson, Otto Lagercrantz, Karl Sudhoff, F. Dieterici, and many others. 

Equation 11.14 is one form of the Gibbs - Duhem relation, named after Josiah Gibbs and Pierre Duhem (1861-1916). The chemical potential provides another way of looking for... 

Other distinguished scholars expressed similar views to those of Russell and Black regarding the inadequacy of classical logic for representing aspects of the experimental world. For example, Pierre Duhem, a distinguished French physicist and philosopher, made the following observation in his 1906 book ... 

Pierre-Maurice-Marie Duhem (1861—1916), French physicist. 

Looking closely at the notebooks of Rouelle s students in Paris, or Venel s students in Montpellier, it is clear that the distinction drawn up by Metzger between three different trends of chemistry influenced by Stahl, Newton, and Boerhaave is an artificial and abstract organization of chemical knowledge resulting from a quest for influences. Similarly, Pierre Duhem s distinction between various schools of thought - Cartesian, Newtonian, and empirical - overlooked the baroque effervescence of French chemistry in the mid-eighteenth century.47... 

Pierre Duhem, Le Mixte et la combinaison chimique (Paris Fayard, 1985) Helene Metzger, Newton, Stahl, Boerhaave et la doctrine chimique (Paris Albert Blanchard, 1930). 

Pierre Duhem, Themon le fils du juif et Leonard de Vinci, Bulletin italien 6(1906), 97—124, 185—218. Duhem s argument is based primarily on Leonardo s use of Albert of Saxony and Themo Judaei in MS F of the Bibliotheque de l lnstitut. 

Palissy, Discours, 2 11, 105 (Cameron)/24, 81 (la Rocque). See also Ernest Dupuy, Bernard Palissy (Paris Societe Fran aise d Imprimerie et de Librairie, 1902), 149. For Palissy s debt to Cardano, see Pierre Duhem, Leonard de Vinci, Cardan et Bernard Palissy, Bulletin italien 6(1906), 289-319. 

Pierre Duhem, Themon le fils du juifet Leonard de Vinci,n Bulletin italien 6(1906), 97—124, 185-218. 

How could we ever explain This is a question that has bothered philosophers of science for at least six decades. As we can see from the quote above taken from the third book of Nietzsche s The Gay Science, it is a question that has also been of great metaphysical importance. What do we require for an explanation to be valid And what distinguishes explanation frommere description The quote from Nietzsche, strangely enough, could as well stem from the opus of one of the founders of modern philosophy of science and a catholic physicist, Pierre Duhem. Yet, whereas Nietzsche s aim was to discredit metaphysics for its incapability to deliver valid explanations, Duhem s objective was just the opposite i.e., to exclude explanatory claims from science and to leave them completely to metaphysics. Because if the aim of physical theories is to explain experimental laws, theoretical physics is not an autonomous science, it is subordinate to metaphysics (Duhem 1991, 19). 

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