Traditional Methods

Rice starch is preferably prepared from broken rice for economic reasons, as discussed above. There are currently two commercial methods of rice starch isolation traditional and mechanical. The traditional method involves alkali solubilization of rice protein, while the mechanical method releases starch via a wet-milling process. 

Worldwide production of rice starch amounts to about 25 000 metric tons.20 Approximately 75% of this was manufactured by the Belgium company Remy Industries, which has been manufacturing rice starch by the traditional alkali method for more than 100 years. Until 1990, rice starch prepared by the alkali process was the only commercially-available rice starch. 

The traditional method of starch production involves alkali solubilization of the glu-telin which constitutes approximately 80% of the protein in rice. This method has been described by Hogan,21 and is utilized in some form by almost every rice starch manufacturer (with the exception described below). It produces a starch containing 1% protein. The protein by-product of this process, while good-quality protein, has a distinct aftertaste (alkali, salt and amino acid), making it not easily acceptable as a food ingredient. 

In the alkali process, broken milled rice is steeped in 0.3-0.5% sodium hydroxide solution for up to 24 hours at temperatures that may vary from room temperature to 50°C. This steeping process softens the grain and effects solubilization of the proteins. Wet-milling of the steeped grain, in the presence of sodium hydroxide solution, releases the starch, producing a starch slurry. The starch is kept in suspension and stored for 

The primary advantage of the mechanical process is the variety of starches of different protein and fat content that may be produced, and their respective unique functional properties. Also, the waste water from the mechanical process has no negative environmental impact and is quite suitable for land application. 

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In order to characterize the behavior of motor fuels or their components with regard to knocking resistance but without involving chemical composition criteria which are complex and not easy to quantify, the traditional method that has been universally employed for more than 50 years consists of introducing the concept of octane number. 

When estimating the operating and maintenance costs for various options, it is recommended that the actual activities which are anticipated are specified and costed. This will run into the detail of frequency and duration of maintenance activities such as inspection, overhaul, painting. This technique allows a much more realistic estimate of opex to be made, rather than relying on the traditional method of estimating opex based on a percentage of capex. The benefits of this activity based costing are further discussed in Section 13.0 and 14.0. 

Over the last two years the method has been used to examine more than 3,000 bolts on several bridges. The traditional method and the new one are compared with the help of the results of a measurement carried out on a bridge built over the Tisza 24 years ago. 

Fig. 7 shows the torque necessary to obtain the specified body force under construction conditions and in tbe state when removed from the bridge. It can well be seen that the change of the friction coefficient causes a very big scattering, and the necessary torque is much bigger than specified. The distribution of the results of a measurement performed on 1,127 bolts is presented in Figure 8. An average of 80% of nominal body force was found by the new method. The traditional method found the nuts could be swivelled much further than specified on 42 bolts, these bolts were found to have 40 - 60 % body force by the new method. 

The traditional method for investigating the forces originating in the body of the bolt, which is based on measuring the torque of the nut, can detect only the bolts with a very great lack of body force since tbe friction coefficient worsens with time. 

It is applied along with traditional methods to test strength properties, hardness, to determine standardized characteristics of stamping, grain size and other structural-sensitive characteristics. 

For exciting the surface waves the traditional method of transforming of the longitudinal wave by the plastic wedge is used. The scheme of surface waves excitation is shown in fig. 1. In particular, it is ascertained that the intensity of the excitation of the surface wave is determined by the position of the extreme point of the exit of the acoustic beam relatively to the front meniscus of the contact liquid. The investigations have shown, that under the... 

The remainder of the chapter is concerned with increasingly specialized developments in the study of gas adsorption, and before proceeding to this material, it seems desirable to consider briefly some of the experimental techniques that are important in obtaining gas adsorption data. See Ref. 22 for a review of traditional methods, and Ref 23 for lUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) recommendations for symbols and definitions. 

A traditional method for such reductions involves the use of a reducing metal such as zinc or tin in acidic solution. Examples are the procedures for preparing l,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole[l] or ethyl 2,3-dihydroindole-2-carbox-ylate[2] (Entry 3, Table 15.1), Reduction can also be carried out with acid-stable hydride donors such as acetoxyborane[4] or NaBHjCN in TFA[5] or HOAc[6]. Borane is an effective reductant of the indole ring when it can complex with a dialkylamino substituent in such a way that it can be delivered intramolecularly[7]. Both NaBH -HOAc and NaBHjCN-HOAc can lead to N-ethylation as well as reduction[8]. This reaction can be prevented by the use of NaBHjCN with temperature control. At 20"C only reduction occurs, but if the temperature is raised to 50°C N-ethylation occurs[9]. Silanes cun also be used as hydride donors under acidic conditions[10]. Even indoles with EW substituents, such as ethyl indole-2-carboxylate, can be reduced[ll,l2]. 

Manufacture. Boron trifluoride is prepared by the reaction of a boron-containing material and a fluorine-containing substance in the presence of an acid. The traditional method used borax, fluorspar, and sulfuric acid. 

ISlew Synthetic Approaches. There have been a number of efforts to prepare quinolines by routes quite different from the traditional methods. In one, the cyclization of 3-ariiino-3-phenyl-2-alkerLiniines (18) using alkah metals leads to modest yields of various 4-arylaminoqurnolines (54). Because this stmcture is found in many natural products and few syntheses of it exist, the method merits further investigation. 

The extremely low levels of vitamin D and its metaboUtes in biological systems make it very difficult to assay these products by traditional methods. ... 

Sulfation. Sulfated castor oil, also known as turkey-red oil, represents one of the earliest chemical derivatives of castor oil. The traditional method of preparing turkey-red oil is to add concentrated sulfuric acid at a controlled rate to castor oil over a period of several hours with constant cooling and agitation of the reaction mass to maintain a temperature of 25—30°C. After acid addition is complete, the reaction mass is washed then neutralized using an alkaU solution or an amine. 

DS or IV Content. The traditional method to determine the % N content of a particular CN reUes on the decomposition of CN with H2SO4 over mercury. 

Sedimentation. This is the traditional method of treating wastewater in lagoons and uses the force of gravity to remove settable soHds (50,51). These soHds are separated out as a watery sludge which is removed mechanically. 

The more traditional methods of phenazine synthesis falling into the type A synthesis are altogether less satisfactory than the application of the Beirut reaction. Traditionally, Ris prepared phenazine in low yield by heating o-phenylenediamine and catechol in a sealed tube at 200 °C (1886CB2206) however, the method appears to be unsatisfactory at best and gives, in addition to phenazine, 5,10-dihydrophenazine in varying amounts (Scheme 53). Several variants of this procedure exist o-benzoquinone has been used in condensation with 0-phenylenediamine and yields as high as 35% have been reported, and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenazine has been prepared by condensation of o-phenylenediamine with cyclohexane- 1,2-dione. 

Payback Period Another traditional method of measuring profitability is the payback period or fixed-capital-return period. Actually, this is really a measure not of profitability but of the time it takes for cash flows to recoup the original fixed-capital expenditure. 

On-Hne Procedures The growing trend toward automation in industry has resiilted in many studies of rapid procedures for generating size information so that feedback loops can be instituted as an integral part of a process. Many of these techniques are modifications of more traditional methods. The problems associated with on-line methods include allocation and preparation of a representative sample analysis of the sample evaluation of the results. The interface between the measuring apparatus and the process has the potential of high complexity, and consequently, high costs [Leschonsld, Paiticle Cha racterization, 1, 1 (July 1984)]. 

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