Radar backscattering cross section

McDonald (1962) has described the definition of the radar backscattering cross section as intrinsically awkward we heartily agree that it is awkward, but we 

The traditional definition of the radar backscattering cross section can be stated clearly in a few words it is just 4it times what it ought to be. We therefore counsel the reader to mentally delete the factor 4it in (4.82) and only reintroduce it as a sop to convention when necessary. 

---

Raindrops, which have diameters in the range 1 -5 mm, are small compared with the wavelengths of weather radars, usually 3, 5, or 10 cm. We showed in Section 5.1 that the backscattering cross section of a sphere is proportional to... 

A radar backscatter model that yields normalised radar cross section (NRCS), given a local ocean surface wave spectrum. 

From these calculated wave spectra, the normalised radar cross sections (o °) were calculated using the VIERS-1 radar backscatter module (Janssen et al. 1998). This is a more or less standard composite model which includes the two-scale effect (Bragg backscatter influenced by longer wave... 

Fig. 7. Variation of SAR intensity (arbitrary units) along sections normal to the spill shown in Figure la at the distances of 2.7 km (7a, top) and 34.5 km (7b, bottom) from point B (from west to east), with cross-track average of 1 km and along-track average of 50 m. The decreased SAR intensity in the spill area is due to the damping of the small-scale roughness of the sea surface. The solid lines show average radar backscatter of the sea surface west (1) and east (2) of the spill, and in the spill area (3). The length of line 4 characterizes the width of the spill...

The observation that loading an array with load impedances Zi = Z produces a backscattered radar cross section 6 dB below the backscatter obtained for the... 

---