Trace element in steel

Cho et al. [280] compared dc and rf gas jet-boosted GD-AES for the analysis of steel in terms of the voltage-current relationship they studied the effects of the gas flow-rate (0-800 ml/min) and pressure (3-5 torr) on the dc bias potential, sample weight loss and emission intensity. The use of a simultaneous spectrometer for the rf mode proved dispensable by virtue of the high stability (variations less than 0.3%) for both matrix and trace elements. Both the rf and the dc mode provided calibration graphs that were linear over two or three decades (or even more if the analytical signal was normalized to the signal of a matrix component) however, the limits of detection obtained in the rf mode for many trace elements in steel were at the level of tens of ppb, which was an order of magnitude better than in the dc mode. 

When determining trace elements in steel, removal of the Fe by extraction with diethylether from a strong aqueous acid solution is very appropriate. A preconcentration of trace impurities as dithiocarbamates, and eventual adsorption onto activated carbon has been proposed for trace determinations in aluminum subsequent to sample dissolution (see e.g. Ref. [317]). However, multitrace determination methods such as plasma atomic spectrometry are a better alternative to AAS methods in this instance. 

Thelin B. (1981) The use of a high temperature hollow cathode lamp for the determination of trace elements in steels, nickel-base alloys and ferroalloys by emission spectrometry, Appl Spectrosc 35 302-307. 

Yasuhara, H., Okano,T, and Matsumura,Y. (1992). Determination of trace elements in steel by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Analyst (London) 117(3), 395-400,... 

Atomic Emission Spectrometry. Emission spectroscopy was the earliest developed multielement measurement technique (1 9,50,51, 52). Its widest acceptance was by the metal industry where it was particularly useful in determining a few elements repetitively in a metal (usually some form of steel) matrix which was well defined. It was also used in the food and agricultural field and was responsible for much of the early knowledge of the concentrations of a number of trace elements in orange juice (23, 2k). 

Harvey, R.D. Cahill, R.A. Chou, C.-L. Steele, O.D. "Mineral Matter and Trace Elements in the Herrin and Springfield Coals, Illinois Basin Coal Field," Illinois State Geological Survey, April, 1983 pp. 3, 103. 

ICP-MS has also been used to measure trace elements in archaeological native silver artifacts [345] in order to identify their geographical origins. The low detection limits provided by ICP-MS allowed analysis of trace elements on 3 to 15 mg of sample. The passivation of alloy steels using acid solutions has been studied by XPS measurements of the solid in combination of ICP-MS analysis of the passivation solutions [346,347]. When bullets are crushed on impact, striations cannot be used for identification. The percentage of antimony, trace element composition, and lead isotope ratios in bullets was measured for forensic evidence [348]. The lead isotope ratios were found to be the most useful evidence. 

Zinc is used as a corrosion-resistant coating on iron and steel. It is also an essential trace element in your diet. Calculate the number of moles that contain 4.50 x 10 atoms of zinc (Zn). 

Properties Steel-gray, shining, hard, ductile, somewhat malleable metal ferromagnetic, with permeability two-thirds that of iron has exceptional magnetic properties in alloys. D 8.9, mp 1493C, bp 3100C. Attacked by dilute hydrochloric and sulfuric acids, soluble in nitric acid. Corrodes readily in air. Hardness cast 124 Brinell, electrodeposited 300 Brinell. An important trace element in soils and necessary for animal nutrition. Cobalt has unusual coordinating properties, especially the trivalent ion. Noncombustible except as powder. 

Use Electronics, xerographic plates, TV cameras, photocells, magnetic computer cores, solar batteries (rectifiers, relays), ceramics (colorant for glass), steel and copper (degasifier and machinability improver), rubber accelerator, catalyst, trace element in animal feeds. 

OTHER COMMENTS replaced radium in experimental medicine and cancer research used as a trace element in fertilizers principal use is in alloys, especially cobalt steels for permanent and soft magnets. 

Cobalt, Co, is a metallic element. Cobalt 59 is the only stable isotope. Common isotopes are cobalt 57, cobalt 58, and the most common, cobalt 60. Cobalt is a steel-gray, shining, hard, ductile, and somewhat malleable metal. It has magnetic properties and corrodes readily in air. Cobalt dust is flammable and toxic by inhalation, with a TLV of 0.05 mg/m of air. It is an important trace element in soils and animal nutrition. Cobalt 57 is radioactive. It has a half-life of 267 days. It is a radioactive poison and is used in biological research. Cobalt 58 is also radioactive and has a half-life of 72 days. It is a radioactive poison, and it is used in biological and medical research. Cobalt 60 is one of the most common radioisotopes. It has a half-life of... 

Precaution Dust is flamm. attacked by dil. hydrochloric and sulfuric acids corrodes readily in air explosive reaction with ammonium nitrate + heat ignites on contact with bromine pentafluoride incandescent reaction with acetylene, nitryl fluoride Uses In alloys oxidizing agent lamp filaments in mfg. of cobalt steel, cobalt salts electroplating ceramics catalyst (sulfur removal from petrol., Oxo process, org. synthesis) trace element in fertilizers drier in inks, paints colors cermets in porcelain, glass, pottery, enamels pigment in paints food processing aid cemented carbides jet... 

Ulfvarson and Wold C3013 quantitatively analyzed 17 trace elements in blood samples from 81 welders (working with stainless steel or with aluminum) and from 68 non-welders. Using several pattern recognition methods, no statistical difference of the two groups was found. The same data were employed in a detailed comparison of pattern recognition methods C2673. 

When measuring minor and trace elements in a high-Z matrix, one can also resort to a critical absorber, which preferentially attenuates the X-rays of the matrix elements. For example, for the analysis of steel a chromium-critical absorber is used. Since the Fe K X-rays lie just above the K edge of chromium, the former will be selectively absorbed, while photons of higher and lower energies will be transmitted. 

Steele, I.M., Hutcheon, I.D., Smith, J.V. (1980) Ion micro-probe analysis of plagioclase feldspar (Cai.xNaxAU xSi2+xOg) for major, minor, and trace elements. In Eighth International Congress on X-ray Optics and Microanal. Midland, MI Pendell Publishing Co, pp. 515-525. 

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