Toxins salinity

Casualties I personnel Do not attempt to brush the agent off the individual or their clothing as this can aerosolize the agent. Remove all clothing immediately. To avoid further exposure of the head, neck, and face to the agent, cut off potentially contaminated clothing that must be pulled over the head. Wash the skin surface and hair at least three times with copious amounts of soap and water. Do not delay decontamination to find warm or hot water if it is not readily available. Rinse with copious amounts of water. If there is a potential that the eyes have been exposed to toxins, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. 

Figure 3. Contractile response of guinea pig ileum preparation as a function of the log of the histamine concentration and the concentration of the toxin in the saline solution.

Figure 4. Michaelis-Menten type plot of percent of contractile activity versus the histamine substrate concentration and the toxin concentration in the saline solution.

Comparison of GT-3 and GT-4. Time dependent assays of the ether extracted GT-3 reported by Miller et al. (16) indicated that it had the same time course of action and irreversible effects as described for GT-4. When the ileal preparation was exposed to 10 ng/ml of GT-3 for 15 minutes a 50% inhibition from control response was observed. Upon contact with the preparation, the toxin caused a slow tonic contraction. Washing the segment with clean saline following the 15 minute exposure period caused a gradual relaxation of the preparation to near the base line levels observed in the control. However, when challenged by agonist at any time following the latency period, and irreversible loss of activity was evident. 

Reconstitute with 0.9% sterile, nonpreserved saline (100 units in 2.5 mL saline) prior to IM injection. The resulting formulation will be 4 units/0.1 mL and a total treatment dose of 20 units in 0.5 mL. The duration of activity of botulinum toxin type A for glabellar lines is approximately 3 to 4 months. Injection intervals should be no more frequent than every 3 months and should be performed using the lowest effective dose. The safety and efficacy of more frequent dosing have not been clinically evaluated more frequent dosing is not recommended. 

Primary axillary hyperhidrosis (Botox only) The recommended dose is 50 units per axilla. Define the hyperhidrotic area to be injected using standard staining techniques (eg. Minor s Iodine-Starch Test). Botulinum toxin type A is reconstituted with 0.9% nonpreserved sterile saline (100 units/4 mL). Using a 30-gauge needle, 50 units of botulinum toxin type A (2 mL) is injected intradermally in 0.1 to 0.2 mL aliquots to each axilla evenly distributed in multiple sites (10 to 15) approximately 1 to 2 cm apart. 

Although both types of pollution sources present a serious problem, point sources can be controlled, at least in principle. Nonpoint sources, however, are difficult to control. Sources and types of nonpoint pollution in impacted rivers and lakes in the United States include agriculture, land disposal, construction, hydromodification, urban runoff, and silviculture, resource extraction. The pollutants in these sources include sediment, nutrients, toxins, pesticides, salinity, and acidity (Institute, 1988). Looking at these lists, one can easily deduce that solvents play roles in the pollution of water. 

The diluent of sterile normal saline is drawn up in a syringe and gently injected into the vial containing the Botox. Rapid forceful injection that causes frothing or other mechanical stress is discouraged because this can inactivate the toxin. Table 22-7 gives the recommended dilutions calculated for an injection volume of 0.1 ml. 

Botulimun toxin is derived from the gram-negative bacterium Clostridium botulinum, an anaerobic rod that is commonly known as the source of an extremely harm-fiil food-borne toxin. Although a number of different serotypes of toxin have been identified, serotype A is used in the commercially available drug Botox, or Oculinum. It is a high-molecular-weight protein that is supplied in a freeze-dried form requiring reconstitution with saline before injection. 

The two toxins (200 pM) were analyzed cn a Superdex HR75 column equilibrated with phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4, as described under Experimental Procedures. The molecular masses and elution positions of bovine serum albumin (67 kDa), ovalbumin (43 kDa), chymotrypsinogen (25 kDa), ribonuclease A (14 kDa), and aprotinin (7 kDa), used as calibration standards, are shown. 

In order to see whether or not the elution behavior of the two toxins depends on the specificity of the separation support used, the two toxins were also analyzed on a TSK GSOOOSWxl column under the same elution conditions as those of the Superdex column. Similar results were obtained, i.e., the D-form toxin was eluted later than the L-form toxin with phosphate-buffered saline. These results confirm that the different elution behavior of the two toxins was caused by the distinct molecular shapes of the two toxins. 

We examined the CD spectra of -[D-Ser j ga-TK and (b-[l-Ser 6]Aga-TK in phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4, to compare the secondary structures of the two toxins. As illustrated in figure 3, the spectrum of the D-Ser toxin showed a negative peak at 208 nm, while the spectrum of the L-Ser toxin had both a negative peak at 200 nm and broad positive ellipticity centered near 220 nm. 

Pain due to injection of botulinum toxin has been reported to be less severe with botulinum toxin reconstituted in preservative-containing saline 0.9% (benzyl... 

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