Toxicity testing for

Mud Toxicity Test. Presently, the only toxicity test for drilling fluids having an EPA approval is the Mysid shrimp bioassay. The test was developed in the mid-1970s as a joint effort of the EPA and the oil industry. 

Figure 4-115. Schematic of toxicity test for drilling fluids [32A], (Courtesy SPE.)...

The drug should be administered at three levels by the route proposed for humans. The high dose level should be set so as to have relevance in humans. For drugs that display significant toxic effects, this may be related to the maximally tolerated dose in the toxicity tests, for example, the dose causing less than 10% deviation in body weight versus controls. If there is little evidence of toxicity it may be more appropriate to base the dose level on a multiple (usually 25-fold) of the maximum therapeutic dosage recommended in humans. 

Data sets on toxicity to aquatic organisms vary considerably from compound to compound, with dibutyltin being the best studied. Results of toxicity tests for all compounds are summarized in Figure 2. Values for all but one test on the octyltins have been set at the solubility of the compounds, since no toxicity was observed below the solubilities derivation of PNECs for the octyltins are, therefore, more precautionary than for the other compounds. 

Such sentinel workflow uses a prediction to select compounds for a more expensive screen that can confirm predicted hazards (liabilities, such as toxicity). It is, provably, the best workflow in contexts where a low prevalence of the hazard is anticipated, and where there is a backstop means further downstream (e.g., preclinical toxicity testing) for detecting hazards before humans are exposed. This workflow then allows the compounds predicted as safe to bypass the expensive hazards screen, without unacceptable risk, and can add significant value in terms of external screening costs or avoiding use of what may be a bottleneck resource. 

By a strict definition, these electrical and electronic wastes are hazardous. Fluorescent lamps contain mercury, and almost all fluorescents fail the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) toxicity test for hazardous wastes. Fluorescent lamp ballasts manufactured in the mid-1980s contain polychorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a carcinogen most of these ballasts are still in service. Batteries can contain any of a number of hazardous materials, including cadmium (nickel-cadmium... 

Toxicity in estuarine sediments—use of Mutatox and Microtox to evalu- 173 ate the acute toxicity and genotoxicity of organic sediments Toxicity tests for the analysis of pore water sediment a comparison of 4 174... 

Barata C, Alanon P, Gutierrez-Alonso S, Riva MC, Fernandez C, Tarazona JV (2008) A Daphnia magna feeding bioassay as a cost effective and ecological relevant sublethal toxicity test for environmental risk assessment of toxic effluents. Sci Total Environ 405(l-3) 78-86... 

McKim, J.M. and D.A. Benoit. 1974. Duration of toxicity tests for establishing no effect concentrations for copper with brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Jour. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 31 449-452. 

S4 Single Dose Acute Toxicity Testing for Pharmaceuticals Revised Guidance Availability Notice Aug 96... 

Accordingly, the use of flow cytometry can improve the design of toxicity bioassays, as the detection limit of this apparatus includes cellular concentrations equal to those of microalgal populations found in natural conditions. Comparison of compositions utilised in some known toxicity tests for microalgaes are shown in Table 7.1.1. 

Final acute values for freshwater and saltwater organisms were determined to be 80.01 and 140.8 pg/L, respectively. Acute toxicity values determined from individual toxicity tests for freshwater and saltwater organisms ranged from 120.0 to 2,045 and 160 to 16,440 pg/L, respectively (U.S. EPA, 1993). 

Prokop, Z. Holouhek, I. The use of a microbial contact toxicity test for evaluating cadmium bioavailabihty in soil. J. Soil Sediment 2001, 1, 21-24. 

Tapp, J.F. Williams, B.R.H. An Assessment of the Application of Acute Toxicity Testing for the Monitoring and Control of Oil Refinery Effluents Conservation Clean Air and Water Europe Brussels, Belgium, CONCAWE Report No. BL/A/2894, 1986 96 pp. 

TABLE I. DEFINITIONS OF TOLERANCES AND TOXICITY TESTS FOR REQUESTED TOLERANCE WITH SAFETY FACTORS... 

Verschaeve, L., Van Compel, J., Thilemans, L., Regniers, L., Vanparys, P. and van der Lelie, D. (1999) VITOTOXD bacterial genotoxicity and toxicity test for the rapid screening of chemicals. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 33, 240-248. 

Barrow PC (2009) Reproductive toxicity testing for pharmaceuticals under ICH. Reprod Toxicol 28 172-179... 

The guidance outlines the common principles of reproductive toxicity testing for TCM, natural medicines, and chemical medicines, but gives advice in separate chapters where necessary. 

Hurtt ME, Cappon GD, Browning A (2003) Proposal for a tiered approach to developmental toxicity testing for veterinary pharmaceutical products for food producing animals. Food Chem Toxicol 41 611-619... 

Knudsen TB, Kavlock RJ, Daston GP, Stedman DB, Hixon M, Kim J (2011) Developmental toxicity testing for safety assessment, new approaches and technologies. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 92 413-420... 

Cultivation of the heart urchin Echinocardium cordatum and validation of its use in marine toxicity testing for environmental risk assessment... 

Schipper, C.A., Dubbeldam, M., Feist, S.W., Rietjens, I.M.C.M., Murk, A.J. (2008b). Cultivation of the heart urchin Echinocardium cordatum and validation of its use in marine toxicity testing for environmental risk assessment. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 364, 11-18. 

Newman LM, Johnson EM, Staples RE (1993) Assessment of the effectiveness of animal developmental toxicity testing for human safety. Reprod Toxicol, 7 359-390. 

In a study (Boyle, et al., 1981) conducted by the American Foundrymen s Society (AFS) in conjunction with the University of Wisconsin and the USEPA, leaching tests were conducted on cupola emission control dusts and sludges from 21 different foundries. This study concluded that 9 out of the 21 foundries generated emission control residuals which would be considered as a hazardous waste on the basis of EP Toxicity for lead. Two other foundries generated emission control residuals which would be classified as hazardous on the basis of EP Toxicity for cadmium. Concentrations in the EP Toxicity Test for the 21 foundries ranged from less than 0.6 mg/1 to 130 mg/1. The mean lead... 

Aquatic toxicity tests for individual projects shall be isolated to the extent necessary to prevent cross-contamination of different chemicals used in different tests. 

CANMET (1997b) Laboratory screening of sublethal toxicity tests for selected mine effluents, Aquatic Effects Technology Evaluation (AETE) Program, Project 1.2.2, Canada Center for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET), Mining Association of Canada (MAC), Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 1-69. 

Nipper, M.G. (1998) The development and application of sediment toxicity tests for regulatory purposes, in P.G. Wells, K. Lee and C. Blaise (eds.), Microscale Testing in Aquatic Toxicology Advances, Techniques, and Practice, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 631-643. 

Oris, J.T., Winner, R.W. and Moore, M.V. (1991) A four day survival and reproduction toxicity test for Ceriodaphnia dubia, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 10 (2), 217-224. 

The use of a common battery of toxicity tests for effluents is a key feature for the management of the aquatic environment. The choice of the tests and the expression of results should be made as objective as possible to maximize the information on potential dangers and minimize cost. This text describes a procedure that was used in order to choose a test battery by means of a series of expert judgments and the use of modeling. 

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