Toxicity teratogenic reactions

Health and Safety Factors. MSA is a strong toxic acid and is corrosive to skin. The acute oral toxicity of the sodium salt in mice LD q is 6.2 g/kg. The 1976 edition of the NIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances Hsts certain reaction products of MSA as having suspected mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic activity (410). 

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is teratogenic in rats, and fetal skeletal defects are prominent. Embryofetal zinc deficiency secondary to changes induced by substances in maternal Zn metabolism is a well-established mechanism for developmental toxicity (29-31). Several substances, including urethane and alpha-hederin cause similar malformations as Zn deficiency in rodents. A number of mechanistic studies have shown that these substances act via an acute-phase reaction induction of metallothionein in the maternal liver which binds systemically available Zn in the pregnant animal. This results in a systemic redistribution of Zn. As a consequence the substances produce a transient but developmentally adverse Zn deficiency in the... 

All penicillins have low toxicity in the normal sense of the word. The most common adverse effects of penicillins by far are hypersensitivity reactions and especially skin rashes. Gastrointestinal disturbances including diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting may sometimes also appear. No teratogenic effects have been reported. 

Butyl acetate [123-86-4], one of the more important derivatives of -butyl alcohol produced commercially, is employed as a solvent in rapid drying paints and coatings. In some instances, butyl acetate, C.H1202, has replaced ethoxyethyl acetate [111-15-9] due to the latter s reported toxicity and teratogenicity. Butyl acetate is used in leather treatment, perfumes, and as a process or reaction solvent and is also used extensively with wood coatings, maintenance coatings, and in coatings for containers and closures. 

As with carbamazepine, phenytoin also causes idiosyncratic toxic effects, including hematological and connective tissue toxicities, hepatotoxicity, and teratogenicity (89). Although some of these toxicities have been hypothesized to be caused by P450 oxidative metabolism (92,93) or peroxidase-mediated reactions (94,95), mechanisms for these toxic effects in humans are unknown. 

ACGIH TLV TWA 2 mg(Al)/m3 DOT CLASSIFICATION 8 Label Corrosive SAFETY PROFILE Moderately toxic by ingestion. Experimental teratogenic and reproductive effects. Mutation data reported. The dust is an irritant by ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact. Highly exothermic polymerization reactions with alkenes. Incompatible with nitrobenzenes or nitrobenzene + phenol. Highly exothermic reaction with water or steam produces toxic ftimes of HCl. See also ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS, CHLORIDES, and HYDROCHLORIC ACID. 

SAFETY PROFILE Moderately toxic by ingestion, intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes. An experimental teratogen. Other experimental reproductive effects. Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data by skin contact. Mutation data reported. Less acutely toxic than p-propiolactone. Combustible when exposed to heat or flame can react with oxidizing materials. To fight fire, use foam, alcohol foam, CO2, dry chemical. Potentially explosive reaction with butanol + 2,4-dichlorophenol + sodium hydroxide. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid and irritating fumes. 

SAFETY PROFILE Moderately toxic by skin contact, inhalation, intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes. Mildly toxic by ingestion. Experimental teratogenic and reproductive effects. A skin and eye irritant. Less toxic than dimethylformamide. Mutation data reported. Combustible when exposed to heat and flame. A moderate explosion hazard. Violent reaction with halogenated compounds (e.g., carbon tetrachloride, hexachlorocyclohexane) when heated above 90°C. Iron powder catalyzes the reaction so that it initiates at 71 °C. 

SAFETY PROFILE A poison by intravenous route. Moderately toxic by ingestion, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous routes. Human systemic effects heart changes, cyanosis, flaccid paralysis with appropriate anesthesia. An experimental teratogen. Mutadon data reported. Potentially explosive reaction when heated with ethoxyethynyl alcohols (e.g., 1-ethoxy-3-methyl-l-butyn-3-ol). When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of SOx. See also SULFATES. 

OSHA PEL CL 5 mg(Mn)/m3 ACGIH TLV TWA 0.03 mg(Mn)/m3 SAFETY PROFILE Poison by intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, and parenteral routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion. Experimental teratogenic and reproductive effects. Questionable carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic data. Mutation data reported. Explosive reaction when heated with zinc foil. Reacts violently with potassium or sodium. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of CT. See also MANGANESE COMPOUNDS and CHLORIDES. 

---