Toxicity phenolic ethers

That pH has, of itself, very little effect on the fungus Trichoderma may be seen from Fig. 10.15, where the action of two (weakly toxic) phenolic ethers is shown. These ethers are closely related to the phenol shown in Fig. 10.14, but they are incapable of ionization. 

The key structural features of compound 1 are the chiral cis-diaryl benzox-athiin fused ring system, two phenols, and one phenol ether linkage with the pyrrolidinylethanol. Originally, SERM 1 was prepared by medicinal chemists from a key ketone intermediate 5 shown in Scheme 5.1. Compound 5 was prepared in four steps with rather low yield [4a], Among these steps, the high temperature de-methylation step and the use of extremely toxic MOM-C1 were not particularly suitable for scale-up. The ketone 5 was then brominated with PhMe3NBr3 (PTAB) and coupled with thiophenol 7 to produce adduct 8. The key step of the synthesis was the conversion of adduct 8 to cis-diaryl benzoxathiin 9 under the Kursanov-Parne reaction conditions (TFA/Et3SiH). This novel reaction allowed the formation... 

Haloprogin is a halogenated phenolic ether. It is fungicidal to Epidermophyton, Pityrosporum, Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Candida. Irritation, pruritus, burning sensations, vesiculation, increased maceration, and sensitization (or exacerbation of the lesion) occasionally occur, especially on the foot if occlusive footgear is worn. Haloprogin is poorly absorbed through the skin, and systemic toxicity from topical application is low. 

Phenolic ethers when isolated are irritant and toxic, and the oils from which they derive must be used with great care. The spices themselves are generally considered to be safe. 

CAUTION Toxicity) Phenols, formaldehyde, and other aldehydes are toxic and should be handled with adequate ventilation and skin protection [17]. Where possible the use of hydrogen chloride in the presence of formaldehyde or formaldehyde sources (hexamethylenetetramine and the like) should be avoided. Recent reports have indicated that formaldehyde and hydrogen chloride spontaneously react to give the known carcinogen 6w(chloromethyl) ether. 

A few examples are found of the toxicity of some of the phenolics to livestock. The phenol ether, tremetone, from Eupatorium rugosum, caused toxic effects in livestock as did the isoflavones, genistein, and coumestrol (93). 

It is estimated that more than half of all fatty alcohols produced are ethoxylated prior to any further use. The dominance of f. as nonionic surfactants is increasing due to the fact that petrochemical alkyl phenol ethers are less biodegradable and have higher toxicity to fish. 

The reaction with sodium sulfite or bisulfite (5,11) to yield sodium-P-sulfopropionamide [19298-89-6] (C3H7N04S-Na) is very useful since it can be used as a scavenger for acrylamide monomer. The reaction proceeds very rapidly even at room temperature, and the product has low toxicity. Reactions with phosphines and phosphine oxides have been studied (12), and the products are potentially useful because of thek fire retardant properties. Reactions with sulfide and dithiocarbamates proceed readily but have no appHcations (5). However, the reaction with mercaptide ions has been used for analytical purposes (13)). Water reacts with the amide group (5) to form hydrolysis products, and other hydroxy compounds, such as alcohols and phenols, react readily to form ether compounds. Primary aUphatic alcohols are the most reactive and the reactions are compHcated by partial hydrolysis of the amide groups by any water present. 

Surfactants. The use of surfactants is greatly restricted in formulating ophthalmic solutions. The order of surfactant toxicity is anionic > cationic >> nonionic. Several nonionic surfactants are used in relatively low concentrations to aid in dispersing steroids in suspensions and to achieve or to improve solution clarity. Those principally used are the sorbitan ether esters of oleic acid (Polysorbate or Tween 20 and 80), polymers of oxyethylated octyl phenol (Tyloxapol), and polyoxyl 40 stearate. The lowest concentration possible is used to perform the desired function. Their effect on preservative efficacy and their possible binding by macromolecules must be taken into account, as well as their effect on ocular irritation. The use of surfactants as cosolvents for an ophthalmic solution of chloramphenicol has been described [271]. This com-... 

The experimental first-order decay rate for pentachlorobenzene in an aqueous solution containing a nonionic surfactant micelle (Brij 58, a polyoxyethylene cetyl ether) and illuminated by a photoreactor equipped with 253.7-nm monochromatic UV lamp is 1.47 x lO Vsec. The corresponding half-life is 47 sec. Photoproducts reported include all tetra-, tri-, and dichlorobenzenes, chlorobenzene, benzene, phenol, hydrogen, and chloride ions (Chu and Jafvert, 1994). Chemical/Physical. Emits toxic chlorinated acids and phosphene when incinerated (Sittig,... 

Alkaloids and Phenols from Tobacco, Tomato, and Potato. Tobacco, tomato, and potato plants contain a number of toxic alkaloids. Probably the most widely studied Is nicotine. The Insecticidal properties of this and other tobacco alkaloids have been reviewed (72). A study of Nlcotlana showed that alkaloids are secreted by trlchomes In the seven species tested (73). Nicotine was the major alkaloid Identified In the trlchome secretion (7A). Anabaslne and nornlcotlne were also Identified In two species (75). Other ether soluable constitutents have also been Identified (76). Aphids were killed by contact with these secretions. Trlchome secretions from Nlcotlana also were... 

The toxic Japanese gastropod Turbo marmorata contains the two toxins, turbotoxins A (1983) and B (1984), isolated as bis-trifluoroacetates (1824, 1825). The turbotoxins A and B show LD99 = 1.0 and 4.0 mg kg 1 in mice. The simple iodinated ammonium salt 1985 is also found in this animal (1826). The red alga Halopytis incurvus contains the simple brominated phenols 1986 and 1987, which were isolated as the methyl esters and methyl ethers (1827). These presumed degradation products of tyrosine are related to earlier reported brominated metabolites (1). 

Similarly, many xenobiotics, such as pesticides, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), plasticizers, phenols, and some other dmg residues, are also toxic even at trace levels present in the earth s ecosystem [5-7], Without analytical techniques capable of detecting them at nanolevels, we assume the absence of these pollutants in the environment, while these notorious pollutants accumulate in our body tissues resulting in various diseases and side effects such as carcinogenesis and failure of many vital body organs including the kidney, liver, and heart [8-11]. Under such situations, it is essential to have analytical techniques that can detect dmgs, pharmaceuticals, and xenobiotics in biological and environmental samples at very low concentrations. 

Figure 2. Relationship between the number of moles of ethylene oxide in octyl- or nonyl-phenol polyoxyethylene glycol ether surfactant molecules and the toxicity index of these surfactants in mixtures with (a) paraquat and (b) dalapon on corn plants.

The tetrahydropyranylation of alcohols under solvent-free conditions is efficiently catalyzed by bismuth triflate (0.1 mol%). The experimental procedure is simple and works well with a variety of alcohols and phenols. The catalyst is insensitive to air and small amounts of moisture, easy to handle and relatively non-toxic. The deprotection of THE ethers is also catalyzed by bismuth triflate (1.0 mol%). 

Experimental results showed that carbonmineral composites are much better than others adsorbents, for example, the mineral one. A good selectivity of carbon materials made us to assume that it is a carbon substance is responsible both for selectivity and synergistic effect of adsorption too. From our point of view one of the reason of such a behavior could be specially organized carbon structures such as intermediate complexes (clusters), which possess peculiar electron properties only to them. Probably similariy toxic substances are adsorbed, such as phenols, cresols, quaiacol, aldehydes, polyatomic alcohols, ethers etc. (Table 1). 

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