Toxicity biodegradability tests

Norway has a standardized test program for permit derivation, comprising the Ames mutagenicity test, acute and chronic toxicity tests, and a biodegradation test. For monitoring purposes, it is advised to start screening the toxicity of an effluent with a comparatively large... 

Simple or automated offline or online biodegradability tests can be performed by measuring CO2 or CH4 gas production or O2 consumption [13]. Biosensors may utilize either whole bacterial cells or enzymes to detect specific molecules of hazardous substances. Toxicity can be monitored specifically by whole-cell sensors whose bioluminescence may be inhibited by the... 

The initial species present, their relative concentrations, the induction of their enzymes, and their ability to acclimate once exposed to a chemical are likely to vary considerably, depending upon such environmental parameters as temperature, salinity, pH, oxygen concentration (aerobic or anaerobic), redox potential, concentration and nature of various substrates and nutrients, concentration of heavy metals (toxicity), and effects (synergistic and antagonistic) of associated microflora (Howard and Banerjee, 1984). Many of the parameters affect the biodegradation of chemicals in the environment as well as in biodegradation test systems used to simulate the environment. 

At current oil crop production levels and fuel consumption rates, biodiesel is unlikely to replace more than a very small portion of total diesel fuel consumed globally (1). However, biodiesel has many potential niche markets where its low toxicity and improved emissions can provide value that outweighs the added costs of using this fuel. Toxicity and biodegradability tests have determined that biodiesel is a... 

For the ecotoxicity assessments two types of test were required to monitor toxicity during biodegradation and to assess the toxicity at the start and end of the biodegradation test. The tests required to monitor the toxicity needed to be ... 

The mathematical model IMPACT [21 ] is for use in the near-highway environment, i.e., over a scale of meters, and consists of fate and transport analyses related to removal, reduction, and retardation (RRR) processes, plus generation of initial pollutant loadings. More specifically, the transport processes of ad-vection and dispersion (in soil) are coupled to the RRR processes of sorption, biodegradation, photolysis and volatilization. Model output consists of flows, loads (mass), concentration of surrogate chemical (surrogate for toxicity), and toxicity of tested C R materials in their appropriate reference environments. 

Oxine is biodegradable (test performed according to OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals, 301 D), but toxic for fish. 

Ecotoxicity Oxine is biodegradable (test performed to OECD Guideline 301 D) however, Oxine disposes of considerable aquatic toxicity. 

Regulated heavy metal testing measures the concentrations of regulated heavy metals or other toxic and hazardous substances in the compost soil at the end of the biodegradation testing. The concentrations of regulated heavy metals or other toxic and hazardous substances must be less than 0.1% of the dry weight of the plastic material. 

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