Highway environments

Beyer, W.N. and J. Moore. 1980. Lead residues in eastern tent caterpillars (Malacosoma americanum) and their host plant (Prunus serotina) close to a major highway. Environ. Entomol. 9 10-12. 

Clark, D.R., Jr. 1979. Lead concentrations bats vs. terrestrial small mammals collected near a major highway. Environ. Sci. Technol. 13 338-341. 

Getz, L.L., L.B. Best, and M. Prather. 1977a. Lead in urban and rural song birds. Environ. Pollut. 12 235-239. Getz, L.L., L. Vemer, and M. Prather. 1977b. Lead concentrations in small mammals living near highways. Environ. Pollut. 13 151-157. 

Ciaccio, L. L., R. L. Rubino, and J. Flores. Composition of organic constituents in breathable airborne particulate matter near a highway. Environ. Sci. Technol. 8 935-942, 1974. 

Getz, L.L., L. Vemer, and M. Prather. 1977b. Lead concentrations in small mammals living near highways. Environ. Pollut. 13 151-157. 

Harrison RM, Beddows DCS, Dall Osto M (2011) PMF analysis of wide-range particle size spectra collected on a major highway. Environ Sci Technol 45 5522-5528... 

Byrd DS, Gilmore JT, Lee RH. 1983. Effects of decreased use of lead in gasoline on the soil of a highway. Environ Sci Technol 17 121-123. 

The standard for a modem vehicle requires it to start within 2 seconds at worst. A fuel cell starts well within 1 second. However, fuel cells, including hydrogen fuel cells, do not operate well at subfreezing temperatures. This is because fuel cells are basically a liquid interface device and need liquid-phase water to operate. Running the system under the conditions of a highway environment is possible, but the current cost is too great for commercialization. 

Young T, Heeraman D, Sirin G, Ashbaugh L (2002) Resuspension of soil as a source of airborne lead near industrial facilities and highways. Environ Sci Technol 36 2484—2490... 

Schimmoller V, Holtz K, Eighmy T, Wiles C, Smith M, Malasheskie G, Rohrbach GJ (2000) Recycled materials in European highway environments uses, technologies, and policies. American Trade Initiatives. Washington, DC... 

Based on the preliminary toxicity results of a waste material and its potential application in the highway environment (e.g., pavement, fill, pile, etc.), a plan for a detailed evaluation of the material and a conceptual model for the particular reference environment are developed. As depicted in Fig. 2, if the test results show no toxicity, no further investigation is required. If the screening tests show toxicity, tests for evaluating the source strength and the effects of reference environments on toxicity and chemistry of the C R material leachate are performed. The leaching and fate and transport tests required only for the appropriate reference environments are conducted. For example, flat plate leaching is not required for material that will only be used in a fiU appHcation. 

The mathematical model IMPACT [21 ] is for use in the near-highway environment, i.e., over a scale of meters, and consists of fate and transport analyses related to removal, reduction, and retardation (RRR) processes, plus generation of initial pollutant loadings. More specifically, the transport processes of ad-vection and dispersion (in soil) are coupled to the RRR processes of sorption, biodegradation, photolysis and volatilization. Model output consists of flows, loads (mass), concentration of surrogate chemical (surrogate for toxicity), and toxicity of tested C R materials in their appropriate reference environments. 

Dawson AR (2000) Pfa and the environment Presented at workshop Source Term, Fate and Transport Models and Evaluation Approaches for Recycled Materials Uses in Various Applications in the Highway Environment Recycled Materials Research Center, University of New Hampshire, April 13-14... 

R Baboin, Chemistry and Corrosivity of the Highway Environment Paper no. 91371, National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Annnal Meeting, 1991. 

German, G., Behavior of Zinc-Coated Steel in Highway Environments, Atmospheric Factors Affecting the Corrosion of Engineering Metals, ASTM STP 646, S. K. Cobum, Ed., ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 1978, pp. 74-82. 

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