Emission improvements

In the preceding chapters some of the main chemical developments that can help reduce waste, lower harmful emissions, improve process efficiency and generally aid development of more sustainable products and processes were discussed. In this and the following chapter the focus will be more on those aspects of technology that can lead to improved process and energy efficiency as well as process cost reduction. 

Issues of greenhouse-gas emissions and local air pollution, coupled with the increase in oil and gasoline prices, are triggering renewed interest in electric vehicles as a means to reduce emissions, improve the fuel economy of the present automobiles and reduce depletion of oil resources (CERA, 2008a 2008b Deutsche Bank, 2008). 

Hydrogen plays a pivotal role in all strategies to lower CO2 emissions, improve the air quality of urbanized areas and increase the possibilities of covering the energy demand with energy sources other than petroleum. 

Yang, V., D. A. Santavicca, and A. Ray. 1997. Intelligent control of gas turbine combustion dynamics for performance and emission improvement. 10th ONR Propulsion Meeting Proceedings. Eds. G. D. Roy and D. Netzer. Monterey, CA. Naval Postgraduate School. 32-37. 

The addition of a second porous layer could further reduce NOj, emissions. Improved mixing is necessary to promote CO and UHC burnout. 

Low SO emissions Improved FCC yields Low SOx emissions Low particulate emissions Ultra-low SOx emissions for some FCCUs No capital required Generally lowest operating costs Can optimize the efficiency of each solution to achieve desired SO, reduction... 

The use of catalysts for exploiting renewable energy sources, producing clean fuels in refineries, and minimizing the by-product formation in industry also fall within the definition of environmental catalysis. In the future, the continuous effort to control transport emissions, improve indoor ah quality, and decontaminate polluted water and soil will further boost catalytic technology. All in all, catalysts will continue to be a valuable asset in the effort to protect human health, the natural environment, and the existence of life on Earth. 

Generally, renewable fuels are produced to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve combustion of fuels, and to extend supplies of fossil fuels, although their production may also be used to subsidize the production of agricultural commodities and improve the balance of trade for countries that produce little fossil fuel. 

The combined emissions improvements obtainable with 100% biodiesel provide an advantage in enclosed areas where the use of this fuel mitigates the potentially... 

If replacement is not feasible, the following technical measures allow a reduction of SFg consumption and emissions improved sealing of furnaces fully automatic cover gas dosage electronic control of both gas mix and flowrate reduction of overdosing. 

Further improvement in the environmental performance of coal will not only be required but will be a necessity. While improved coal technologies have provided very substantial efficiency and emission improvements to date, accelerated technological effort is required to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Deployment of cleaner and higher efficiency technologies will be important in both developed and developing countries. 

In 2009/2010 QAPCO introduced the advanced processing of byproducts as part of its EP2 project at its ethane cracker plant to turn waste hydrocarbons into commercial products, cut greenhouse gas emissions improve operational margins increase commercial opportunities with subsidiaries and substantially reduce the amount of hydrocarbon streams wasted in the incinerator or flare. 

Figure 7 Third stage separator, blow-up of swirl tube, emissions improvements.

K. K. Pillai and S. A. Jansson. "Efficiency and Emissions Improvement by Means of PFBC Retrofits." Presented at the EPRI Workshop on Fossil Plant Retrofits for Improved Heat Rate and Availability, San Diego, California, December 1987. 

Combustion and operational modifications. Process optimization through combustion modifications (COM) was one of the first options to be considered for reducing emissions. Improvements to be considered include improved process control and automation systems, reduced excess air and firing temperature, improved raw mix design that optimized chnker cooling and air preheat, and most other modifications that improve thermal effidenry. These low-cost options should be maximized but must be evaluated against degradation of clinker quahty and possible increases in other emissions. 

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