TOPICAL plant

M. Koizumi, N. Ishida and H. Kano, Curr. Topics Plant Biol., 2000, 2, 1. 

Wiemken, A., Frehner, M., Keller, F., and Wagner, W., Fructan metabolism enzymology and compartmentation, Curr. Topics Plant Biochem. Physiol., 5, 17-37, 1986. 

Product or process Process remarks Topical plant size, 1000 tons / yr Fixed- capital investment, million of fixed- capital investment per annual ton of product Power factor (x)t for plant- capacity ratio... 

Kobayashi, M., Akiyama, M., Watanabe, X, and Kano, H., Exotic chlorophylls as key components of photosynthesis, Curr. Topics Plant Biol, 1, 17, 1999. 

A furnace is a device (enclosure) for generating controlled heat with the objective of performing work. In fossil-fuel furnaces, the work appHcation may be direct (eg, rotary kilns) or indirect (eg, plants for electric power generation). The furnace chamber is either cooled (waterwaH enclosure) or not cooled (refractory lining). In this article, furnaces related to metallurgy such as blast furnaces ate excluded because they ate coveted under associated topics (see... 

The high temperatures in the MHD combustion system mean that no complex organic compounds should be present in the combustion products. Gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer analysis of radiant furnace slag and ESP/baghouse composite, down to the part per biUion level, confirms this behef (53). With respect to inorganic priority pollutants, except for mercury, concentrations in MHD-derived fly-ash are expected to be lower than from conventional coal-fired plants. More complete discussion of this topic can be found in References 53 and 63. 

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) United Engineering Center 345 East 47th Street New York, NY 10017 The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, under the cognisance of the ASME PoHcy Board, Codes, and Standards, considers the interdependence of design procedures, material selection, fabrication procedures, inspection, and test methods that affect the safety of boilers, pressure vessels, and nuclear-plant components, whose failures could endanger the operators or the pubHc (see Nuclearreactors). It does not cover other aspects of these topics that affect operation, maintenance, or nonha2ardous deterioration. 

Isomerization. Isomerization of any of the butylene isomers to increase supply of another isomer is not practiced commercially. However, their isomerization has been studied extensively because formation and isomerization accompany many refinery processes maximization of 2-butene content maximizes octane number when isobutane is alkylated with butene streams using HF as catalyst and isomerization of high concentrations of 1-butene to 2-butene in mixtures with isobutylene could simplify subsequent separations (22). One plant (Phillips) is now being operated for this latter purpose (23,24). The general topic of isomerization has been covered in detail (25—27). Isomer distribution at thermodynamic equiUbrium in the range 300—1000 Kis summarized in Table 4 (25). 

Once the objective and the constraints have been set, a mathematical model of the process can be subjected to a search strategy to find the optimum. Simple calculus is adequate for some problems, or Lagrange multipliers can be used for constrained extrema. When a Rill plant simulation can be made, various alternatives can be put through the computer. Such an operation is called jlowsheeting. A chapter is devoted to this topic by Edgar and Himmelblau Optimization of Chemical Processes, McGraw-HiU, 1988) where they list a number of commercially available software packages for this purpose, one of the first of which was Flowtran. 

The purpose of this section is to provide guidehnes for this preparation. General aspects are covered. Preparations for the specific units can be drawn from these. Topics include analyst, model, plant, and laboratory preparation. Since no individual analyst can be responsible for all of these activities, communication with other personnel is paramount for the success of the analysis. 

On December 14, 1977, Trevor Kletz, who was at that time safety advisor for the ICI Petrochemicals Division, presented the annual Jubilee Lecture to the Society of Chemical Industry in Widnes, England. His topic was What you don t have, can t leak, and this lecture was the first clear and concise discussion of the concept of inherently safer chemical processes and plants. 

Sinfelt, J. H. (1987). Catalyst design Selected topics and examples. In Recent developments in chemical process and plant design, Y. A. Liu, H. A. McGee and W. R. Epperly (eds.), John Wiley and Sons, New Yorit, pp. 1-41. 

Potash, L. M. et al., Experience in Integrating the Operator Contributions of the PRA of Actual Operating Plants, Proceeding of the ANS/ENS September 1981 Topical Meeting on Prbabilisitic Risk Assessment, Port Chester, NY pp 1054-1063, ANS. 

The CESARS database contains comprehensive environmental and health information on chemicals. It provides detailed descriptions of chemical toxicity to humans, mammals, aquatic and plant life, as well as data on physical chemical properties, and environmental fate and persistence. Each record consists of chemical identification information and provides descriptive data on up to 23 topic areas, ranging from chemical properties to toxicity to environmental transport and fate. Records are in English. Available online through CCINFOline from the Canadian Centre For Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS) and Chemical Information System (CIS) on CD-ROM through CCIN-FOdisc. 

The model of human error held by management and the plant culture constitutes the environment in which the data collection system operates. Within this environment, all data collection systems need to address the topics listed in Figure 6.1. These topics, from the types of data collected, to the feedback systems that need to be in place, will be addressed in subsequent sections of this chapter. 

In 1985, Uie Cimadian Chemical Producers Association (CCPA) released a pampWet entitled, "Essential Components of Safety Assessment Systems . Modifications to process or plant was one of the topics discussed in Uiis pamplilet. CCPA recommended a 12 element program (listed below) to formally e.xamine and approve process conditions whellier permanent or temporary prior to implementation. 

This section examines and reviews some of the basic principles diat engineers and sciendsts employ in performing design calculations mid predicting die performance of plant equipment. Topics include die tlicrmochemistry, chemical reacdon equilibrimii, chemical kinedcs, die ideal gas law, pardal pressure, pliase equilibrimii, and die Reynolds Number. These basic principles will assist die reader in acquiring a better miderslmidiiig of some of the material diat appears later in die book. 

This section focuses on industrial accidents tliat are not plant related and revievs ing accidents tliat occur during tlie transport and storage of hazardous substances. Frequently, such accidents result in fires, explosions, and toxic releases. This topic will be discussed in tlie next cliapter. 

The early literature on naturally occurring plant growth inhibitors and the influence one plant might exert on another by chemical means (allelopathy) is considered comprehensively in various reviews (12, 15, 36, 37, 48, 49, 61, 67, 94, 121, 162). Reviews of studies concerned with the influence of plant exudates on root-infecting fungi (130) and the effects of phytotoxins which arise as decomposition products (113) have appeared recently. Because of the excellent coverage of the topics by others, no attempt is made here to review the early literature exhaustively. Instead, consideration is restricted essentially to specific compounds and to some of the more recent literature. 

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