TOPICAL number

Nanobiocatalysis Publications 1995-2009 including biosensor topics) Number of Publications and Citations by Country... 

Examples of tetratopic reactions are the C—N bond dissociation in azo compounds, discussed in Section 7.2.2, C—X bond dissociation in alkyl halides, and the O—O bond dissociation in peroxides. Examples of pentatopic reactions are the dissociation of the C—X bond in vinyl halides, of the C=C bond in ketenes, and of the C—N bond in diazoalkanes. An example of a hexatopic bond dissociation is the fragmentation of an alkyl azide to a ni-trene and N,. A verification of the topicity rules at a semiempirical level was reported (Evleth and Kassab, 1978), and a detailed description of the electronic structure aspects of bond dissociations characterized by various topicity numbers, with references to the original literature, has appeared recently (Michl and BonaCi<5-Koutecky, 1990). 

A number of networks, addresses the topic of Inspection, have been established around ongoing private or Nationally funded research, such as ... 

Many of the most relevant projects under Brite-EuRam, plus some from "Standards, Measurements and Testing" (SMT), Esprit IlM, and the "Nuclear Fission Programme", have now been grouped in the network, with the participating projects clustered under the following main topics, under which a number of specific cluster activities have been defined ... 

A number of refinements and applications are in the literature. Corrections may be made for discreteness of charge [36] or the excluded volume of the hydrated ions [19, 37]. The effects of surface roughness on the electrical double layer have been treated by several groups [38-41] by means of perturbative expansions and numerical analysis. Several geometries have been treated, including two eccentric spheres such as found in encapsulated proteins or drugs [42], and biconcave disks with elastic membranes to model red blood cells [43]. The double-layer repulsion between two spheres has been a topic of much attention due to its importance in colloidal stability. A new numeri-... 

When a system is not in equilibrium, the mathematical description of fluctuations about some time-dependent ensemble average can become much more complicated than in the equilibrium case. However, starting with the pioneering work of Einstein on Brownian motion in 1905, considerable progress has been made in understanding time-dependent fluctuation phenomena in fluids. Modem treatments of this topic may be found in the texts by Keizer [21] and by van Kampen [22]. Nevertheless, the non-equilibrium theory is not yet at the same level of rigour or development as the equilibrium theory. Here we will discuss the theory of Brownian motion since it illustrates a number of important issues that appear in more general theories. 

These may, for convenience, be divided into a number of topics but all are closely related depending very largely on the presence of the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom. 

The reinaining five search topics (Research Topic, Author Name, Document Identifier, Company Namc/Organii ation, and Browse Table of Contents arc conducted in a similar fashion, with the input being the only difference between the criteria. Thus, in Research Topic" the entry can be any, or even several, keywords or phrases. In "Author Name", literature written by a specific author will be Found, including alternative spelling, Document Identifier" can also be entered directly in the query. Document identifiers arc CA abstract numbers, patent numbers, patent application numbers, or priority application numbers. The last two search topics (Company Name/Organi2ation, and Browse Table ofContents) allow one to search for literature from specific companies or to view the list of journals which are available in the database. 

The huge number of websites on the Internet (about 2,5 billion web pages December, 2002) containing chemical information is a great challenge when one is attempting to find specific information on a topic. Therefore numerous search engines have been developed and offered that provide fast access to the data. 

Proposed flux models for porous media invariably contain adjustable parameters whose values must be determined from suitably designed flow or diffusion measurements, and further measurements may be made to test the relative success of different models. This may involve extensive programs of experimentation, and the planning and interpretation of such work forms the topic of Chapter 10, However, there is in addition a relatively small number of experiments of historic importance which establish certain general features of flow and diffusion in porous media. These provide criteria which must be satisfied by any proposed flux model and are therefore of central importance in Che subject. They may be grouped into three classes. 

At one time, computational chemistry techniques were used only by experts extremely experienced in using tools that were for the most part difficult to understand and apply. Today, advances in software have produced programs that are easily used by any chemist. Along with new software comes new literature on the subject. There are now books that describe the fundamental principles of computational chemistry at almost any level of detail. A number of books also exist that explain how to apply computational chemistry techniques to simple calculations appropriate for student assignments. There are, in addition, many detailed research papers on advanced topics that are intended to be read only by professional theorists. 

We have chosen to cover a large number of topics, with an emphasis on when and how to apply computational techniques rather than focusing on theory. Each chapter gives a clear description with just the amount of technical depth typically necessary to be able to apply the techniques to computational problems. When possible, the chapter ends with a list of steps to be taken for difficult cases. 

We describe here work which has appeared since our text was completed. Topics are discussed under the numbers of the sections of the main text to which they are relevant. 

In these tables most of the reference numbers are accompanied with small letters, the significance being that the paper concerned deals with one or several of the following topics ... 

Analytical chemistry is inherently a quantitative science. Whether determining the concentration of a species in a solution, evaluating an equilibrium constant, measuring a reaction rate, or drawing a correlation between a compound s structure and its reactivity, analytical chemists make measurements and perform calculations. In this section we briefly review several important topics involving the use of numbers in analytical chemistry. 

Chapters 4-7 cover a number of topics that are important in understanding how a particular analytical method works. Eater chapters are mostly independent of the material in these chapters. Instructors may pick and choose from among the topics... 

Rate of Mass Transfer in Bubble Plates. The Murphree vapor efficiency, much like the height of a transfer unit in packed absorbers, characterizes the rate of mass transfer in the equipment. The value of the efficiency depends on a large number of parameters not normally known, and its prediction is therefore difficult and involved. Correlations have led to widely used empirical relationships, which can be used for rough estimates (109,110). The most fundamental approach for tray efficiency estimation, however, summarizing intensive research on this topic, may be found in reference 111. 

Pharmaceutical powder aerosols have more stringent requirements placed upon the formulation regarding moisture, particle size, and the valve. For metered-dose inhalers, the dispensed product must be deflvered as a spray having a relatively small (3—6 -lm) particle size so that the particles can be deposited at the proper site in the respiratory system. On the other hand, topical powders must be formulated to minimize the number of particles in the 3—6-p.m range because of the adverse effects on the body if these materials are accidently inhaled. 

There is also a growing number of specialized databases available on specific topics such as CEC Replacement, effluents and pesticides, environmental chemical data, etc. These are usually on CD-ROM or floppy disk (3). 

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