Toluene chemicals from

Tables 14 and 15 show historical U.S. prices for nitration- and commercial-grade toluene, respectively, from 1976 to 1995. The minimum price for the toluene used in chemicals is set by its value in unleaded gasoline, which is the principal use. The ceiling price is set by the relative values of benzene and toluene. When the value of benzene is such that the differential between benzene and toluene exceeds the cost of converting toluene to ben2ene, then the price of toluene is set by its value for the conversion to benzene. A differential of 91.00/t (ca 0.30/gal) is generally needed to make conversion of toluene to benzene economically attractive.

The petroleum industry is now the principal suppHer of ben2ene, toluene, the xylenes, and naphthalene (see BTX processing Feedstocks). Petroleum displaced coal tar as the primary source for these aromatic compounds after World War II because it was relatively cheap and abundantly available. However, the re-emergence of king coal is predicted for the twenty-first century, when oil suppHes are expected to dwindle and the cost of producing chemicals from coal (including new processes based on synthesis gas) will gradually become more competitive (3). 

Your company receives toluene, a listed toxic chemical, from another facility, reacts the toluene with air to form benzoic acid, and further reacts the benzoic acid with a cadmium catalyst to form terephthallc acid. Cadmium compounds and terephthallc acid are also listed toxic chemicals. Your company processes toluene, and otherwise uses (not processes) the cadmium catalyst (see the definition of "otherwise use" below). Your company manufactures benzoic acid and terephthallc acid. Benzoic acid, however, is not a listed chemical and thus does not trigger reporting requirements. 

Yourfacility receives toluene and naphthalene (both listed toxic chemicals) from an off-site location. You react the toluene with air to form benzoic acid and react the naphthalene with sulfuric acid, which forms phthalic acid and also produces sulfur dioxide fumes. Your facility processes toluene and naphthalene. Both are used as reactants to produce benzoic acid and phthalic acid, chemicals not on the section 313 list. 

Phenol is also produced from chlorobenzene and from toluene via a benzoic acid intermediate (see Reactions and Chemicals from Toluene ). 

Diferrocenyltellone was reported221 as a blue toluene solution from di-ferrocenylketone and (Me2Al)2Te. The authors recommended avoiding isolation due to its poor stability. No spectroscopic data, apart from its blue colour, or analytic data are given and its existence was deduced from chemical reactions only. 

With the advent of World War I in the summer of 1914, the United States (U.S.) chemists and the chemical industry were propelled into the public arena. At the time, the Germans dominated the chemical industry. However, shipments of chemicals from Germany to the U.S. were thwarted by the British blockade. Consequently, several American Chemical Society (ACS) chapters called on U.S. chemical companies to expand production into dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals, and other organic chemicals. The war effort led to expansions in the steel and petroleum industries which stimulated growth in the production of coal-tar chemicals and petrochemicals that the chemical industry could convert to dyes, drugs, and other products. This lessened the dependence on Germany. The increased demand for explosives called for increased supplies of toluene, phenol and nitric acid (Skolnik Reese, 1976). 

Reagent-grade toluene employed by the submitters was obtained from Mallinckrodt Chemical Works. The checkers used reagent-grade toluene purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., and dried over molecular sieves (4 A) before use. Regarding the volume of the toluene used by the checkers, see Note 3). 

Coke production was formerly the most important demonstrated technology associated with the direct production of chemicals from coal. Industrial chemicals currently obtained in significant amounts as coke byproducts include benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, phenol, ammonia, ammonium sulfate, sulfitr, and carbon dioxide. The vast majority of aromatics production from coal occurs in Eastern Europe, India, and Japan.75... 

Proposition 65 s warning requirement has provided an incentive for manufacturers to remove listed chemicals from their products. For example, trichloroethylene, which causes cancer, is no longer used in most correction fluids reformulated paint strippers do not contain the carcinogen methylene chloride and toluene, which causes birth defects or other reproductive harm, has been removed from many nail care products. In addition, a Proposition 65 enforcement action prompted manufacturers to decrease the lead content in ceramic tableware and wineries to eliminate the use of lead-containing foil caps on wine bottles. 

Figure 12 Transient absorption spectra observed on pulsed laser excitation of cis-21a at 24°C (a) and cii-22a at 25°C (b) in deaerated toluene. (Reprinted from Ref. 116 copyright 1998 Chemical Society of Japan.)...

Mahoney et a/.87 have described the reaction of polyurethane foam and superheated water at 200 °C for 15 min, which leads to toluene diamines and polypropylene oxide. Hydrolysis of polyurethane and rubber mixtures has been used as a method not only of recovering valuable chemicals from the polyurethane fraction, but also to separate the polymers because rubber is inert to hydrolysis.89 The degradation takes place by contact with saturated steam at 200 °C for 12 h. This process may find particular applications in the treatment of rubber/polyurethane laminations. 

By use of the following vapor pressures for benzene and toluene [taken from The Chemical Engineer s Handbook, 2d ed., J. H. Perry (ed.) McGraw-... 

Figure 3. Effect of immobilized CALB particle size (given in pm, see legend box in plot) on the time course of e-caprolactone ring-opening polymerizations performed at 70 °C in toluene. (Reproduced from Langmuir 2007, 23, 1381-1387. Copyright 2007 American Chemical Society.)...

These routes are the sources of the eight building blocks — ammonia, methanol, ethylene, propylene, butadiene, benzene, toluene, and xylene — from which virtually all large tormage petrochemicals are derived. Figure 15.1 represents a simplified version of the production of these chemicals from petroleum and natural gas. Simplified flow diagrams for the production of some polymers from these basic petrochemicals are shown in Figures 15.2-15.9. 

Other chemical products, often referred to as connnodity chemicals, are required in large quantities. These are often intermediates in the manufacture of specialty chemicals and industrial and consumer products. These include ethylene, propylene, butadiene, methanol, ethanol, ethylene oxide, ethylene glycol, ammonia, nylon, and caprolactam (for carpets), together with solvents like benzene, toluene, phenol, methyl chloride, and tetrahydrofuran, and fuels like gasoline, kerosene, and diesel fuel. These are manufactured in large-scale processes that produce billions of pounds annually in continuous operation. Since they usually involve small well-defined molecules, the focus of the design is on the process to produce these chemicals from various raw materials. 

Coal can liberate the U. S. from the plastics shortage as well as the energy crisis. It is abundant, and we have the technology to convert it to precursors for plastics at costs that are suddenly cheap compared to the price tags on chemicals from Imported petroleum. Ethylene, propylene, benzene, toluene, xylene, phenol and other raw materials for polymers and plastics can become plentiful again but we must speed up R D as well as plant construction. 

Inc. aniline ("Baker Analyzed" Reagent) from J.T. Baker Chemical Co. 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane from Petrarch Systems Inc. TDI (80/20 mixture of 2,4 and 2,6 isomers of toluene diisocyanates) from BASF Wyandotte Corporation Isonol-100 (N,N-bis-(2-hydroxypropyl)aniline) from Upjohn Polymer Chemicals and hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene resin (R-45HT) from ARCO Chemical Co. ARCO lists the properties given in Table 1 for the latter resin. 

Figure 8 Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) images of self-assembled (a) 11a, (b) 11b, (c) 11c, and (d) lid drop-cast from toluene. (Reproduced from Ref. 17. American Chemical Society, 2008.)...

From a knowledge of solubilities and vapor pressures of a wide range of chemicals from toluene to DDT, Neely (1978) developed a set of four regression equations that account for the results in a statistically significant manner. 

Commercially, xylene is obtained by the catalytic reforming of naphthenes in the presence of hydrogen see toluene) or was formerly obtained from coal tar. The material so-produced is suitable for use as a solvent or gasoline ingredient, these uses accounting for a large part of xylene consumption. If xylene is required as a chemical, separation into the iso-... 

Separations based upon differences in the chemical properties of the components. Thus a mixture of toluene and anihne may be separated by extraction with dilute hydrochloric acid the aniline passes into the aqueous layer in the form of the salt, anihne hydrochloride, and may be recovered by neutralisation. Similarly, a mixture of phenol and toluene may be separated by treatment with dilute sodium hydroxide. The above examples are, of comse, simple apphcations of the fact that the various components fah into different solubihty groups (compare Section XI,5). Another example is the separation of a mixture of di-n-butyl ether and chlorobenzene concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves only the w-butyl other and it may be recovered from solution by dilution with water. With some classes of compounds, e.g., unsaturated compounds, concentrated sulphuric acid leads to polymerisation, sulphona-tion, etc., so that the original component cannot be recovered unchanged this solvent, therefore, possesses hmited apphcation. Phenols may be separated from acids (for example, o-cresol from benzoic acid) by a dilute solution of sodium bicarbonate the weakly acidic phenols (and also enols) are not converted into salts by this reagent and may be removed by ether extraction or by other means the acids pass into solution as the sodium salts and may be recovered after acidification. Aldehydes, e.g., benzaldehyde, may be separated from liquid hydrocarbons and other neutral, water-insoluble hquid compounds by shaking with a solution of sodium bisulphite the aldehyde forms a sohd bisulphite compound, which may be filtered off and decomposed with dilute acid or with sodium bicarbonate solution in order to recover the aldehyde. 

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