Titanium Oxide TiOj

Method I - chemical bath deposition. In 2010, Takahashi et aL introduced a chemical bath deposited TiO ETL in an inverted BHJ OSC with P3HT PCBM and bis-P3HT PCBM as the photoactive layer. The cell achieved a highest PCE of 3.8%. The device structure is ITO/TiO /P3HT PCBM/PEDOT PSS/Au and the deposition mechanism of the TiOj. layer can be concluded from the following equations  

The solution of Ti0S04 was added in a diluted H2O2 aqueous solution and the concentrations of Ti0S04 and H2O2 were adjusted to 0.03 M. The ITO substrate was immersed in the chemical bath at 80 °C and after a certain time the deposited TiO layer on the ITO substrate was heated at 150 °C for 1 hour in air. The chemical bath deposition method is simple, low cost, and can be applied to large-area devices. 

MethodII-self-assembly Ti02. In 2012, Choy et demonstrated a self-assembly 

MethodIV- amorphous TiO. In 2014, Bao et presented inverted PSCs with 

However, the influence of the annealing temperature of TiO ETLs on PCE is not as strong as for ZnO ETLs. As studied by Bao et al., the effect of increasing annealing temperature from 25 °C to 200 °C was tested for amorphous TiO p ETL with the structure of ITO/s-TiO/PSHTrPCgiBM/MoOa/Ag. The result is shown in Table 7.3. 

---

Titanium oxide (TiOj) is added to white opaque toothpastes to improve whiteness and to vary the... 

Table 3. XPS Binding Energies (Eb 0.1 eV) of the Different Peak Components and Normalized Intensities of the Smooth Titanium Oxide (TiOj on Glass) Surface Covered with Self-Assembled Monolayers of Methyl- or...

The spectral purity of spinel Li4Ti50j2 material is of paramount importance. Material scientists have confirmed the presence of two broad-spectrum bands resulting from the symmetric and asymmetric stretching vibrations of the octahedral group lattice. The material scientists also confirmed the presence of the normal spinel. Furthermore, the lack of the absorption bands, which is typical of titanium oxide (TiOj), is a clear indication of the phase purity in the spinel (Li4Ti50i2) material. 

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is widely used as an active filler in rubber and as a weatherability improver in polyolefins and polyesters. Titanium dioxide (TiOj) is widely used as a white pigment and as a weatherability improver in many polymers. Ground barites (BaS04) yield x-ray-opaque plastics with controlled densities. The addition of finely divided calcined alumina or silicon carbide produces abrasive composites. Zirconia, zirconium silicate, and iron oxide, which have specific gravities greater than 4.5, are used to produce plastics with controlled high densities. 

Selective isolation of phosphopeptides from tiyptic digests using a dualprecolumn setup (titanium oxide and RPLC) prior to RPLC-MS was reported by Pinkse et al. [44]. The tryptic digest is injected onto two precolumns in series phosphopeptides are selectively trapped by the TiOj-column, whereas non-... 

FIGURE 3.2.6 Titanium oxide core-polystyrene (TiOj-PS) shell nanoparticle gate dielectrics. Bottom graph shows particle size distrihntion of as-synthesized TiOj-oleic, and polystyrene functionalized TiOj-PS particles as determined by DLS. 

A variety of inorganic materials can be blended with PVDF, PES, PSF, and CA membranes including titanium dioxide (TiOj), zirconium oxide silica (Si02), alumina... 

The composition of CCP containedthe following phases Ti, TiOj (rutile), TiN (see Table 5.4). There were no other phases of titanium oxides except Ti02 (rutile). In accordance with SEM, the CCP of pTi consisted of fused aggregates (Figure 5.21c) formed from the melt, while the initial Ti particles were spheroidal. 

The lithium-titanium oxides are prepared by heating a mixture of anatase (TiOj) and LiOH at a high temperature. The product heated at 800-900 °C has a spinel structure of Li4, Ti5y304. When the charge and discharge cycles are performed... 

The diffraction patterns of the decomposed aerosol products of TiO and Fe-TiOj obtained by spray pyrolysis showed poor crystallinity. Specimens were therefore further calcined at temperatures of 823K, 873IG 973K and 1073K in air for a period of 2 hours in order to improve their crystalline structure. Fig.1. shows the x-ray diffraction patterns of titanium dioxide (anatase), and a series of iron-titanium oxide specimens of nominal Fe(IlI) concentration equivalent to 0.1, 1, 2, 5 and 10 atom%, prepared by the spray pyrolysis method and subsequently calcined at 823K in air for 2 hours. 

If we compare the possibilities to reduce nickel oxide NiO and titanium dioxide TiOj with carbon at a temperature of 1000 K and atmospheric pressure of oxygen we note that for the reactions... 

The final production of TiOj for pigments is carried out by two different methods. In the sulfate process (the older method) the raw titanium oxide is treated with concentrated sulfuric acid at about 200°C. Relatively pure titanium hydroxide is predpi-tated from the sulfate solution by hydrolysis. In a more modem method the raw titanium oxide (the slag) is chlorinated. The TiCl formed is separated from other chlorides by distillation. The TiCl is burnt at 900-1400°C to form a very pure TiOj pigment. In 2000, France, Germany, Japan, the UK and the USA were the leading produdng countries of TiOj pigment. 

The TiOj pigment gives the best opaque whiteness of aU pigments. This use is so widespread that it consumes more than 90% of all the titanium oxide produced. The pigment is used for paints, plastics and fine paper but also to make porcelain glazes opaquely white. Titanium oxide is also part of rutile electrodes for welding. 

---