Titanium nanotubes

Glucose oxidase CNT-modified titanium nanotube covered by Pt NP Glucose biosensor [190]... 

Metal Oxide Nanotube Solid Acid A one-dimensional metal oxide, titanium nanotube was reported as a solid add catalyst [56]. Protonated titanium nanotubes were synthesized by the hydrothermal treatment of bulk titanium oxide in high pH solution, followed by proton exchange. The nanotubes have high surface... 

Gonzalez, J. R., Alcantara, R., Ortiz, G. R, Nacimiento, R, and Tirado, J. L. [2013]. Controlled growth and application in lithium and sodium batteries of high-aspect-ratio, self-organized titanium nanotubes,/. Electrochem. Soc., 160, pp. A1390-A1398. 

Ercan B, Taylor E, Alpaslan E, Webster TJ. Diameter of titanium nanotubes influences anti-bacterial efficacy. Nanotechnology 2011 22 295102. 

As discussed earlier, the incidence of postoperative infection remains a major issue, often with dire conseqnences following implantation. Titanium implants are widely used clinically bnt also suffer from this issue. Therefore, surfaces with antibacterial coatings are extranely desirable. Research has demonstrated that incorporation of silver nanoparticles into titanium nanotubes enable such effects. Zhao et al. [51] showed adequate activity against planktonic bacteria within several days and preventing their subsequent growth for np to 30 days. 

We may thus conclude that the availability of titanium oxide nanotubes, and more generally of quasi-ID metal oxides, still opens new possibilities for catalysis, but a more rational effort is required before exploiting their potentiality. 

In addition to the more extensively investigated nanofibers (-rod, -wires, etc.) and nanotubes, other titanium oxide ID nanostructures have attracted the interest of researchers and are of potential interest for catalytic and photocatalytic applications. 

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in yeast, 26 451—452 Double-stranded RNA viruses, 3 135 Double-suction pumps, 21 60, 63 Double tipping pan vacuum filter, 11 352 Double titration method, 15 145 Double vacuum-arc remelting (VAR), in titanium sponge consolidation, 24 854 Double wall nanotubes (DWNT), 26 737 Double-wall tanks, 24 296 Doubly smart block copolymers,... 

Jiang, L. and L. Gao, Fabrication and characterization of carbon nanotube-titanium nitride composites with enhanced electrical and electrochemical properties. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2006. 89(1) p. 156-161. 

Jin, S.H., et ah, Conformal coating of titanium suboxide on carbon nanotube networks by atomic layer deposition for inverted organic photovoltaic cells. Carbon, 2012. 50(12) p. 4483-4488. 

This chapter considers the fabrication of oxide semiconductor photoanode materials possessing tubular-form geometries and their application to water photoelectrolysis due to their demonstrated excellent photo-conversion efficiencies particular emphasis is given in this chapter to highly-ordered Ti02 nanotube arrays made by anodic oxidation of titanium in fluoride based electrolytes. Since photoconversion efficiencies are intricately tied to surface area and architectural features, the ability to fabricate nanotube arrays of different pore size, length, wall thickness, and composition are considered, with fabrication and crystallization variables discussed in relationship to a nanotube-array growth model. 

Fabrication of titania nanotube arrays via anodic oxidation of titanium foil in fluoride based solutions was first reported in 2001 by Gong and co-workers [58]. Further studies focused on precise control and extension of the nanotube morphology [21], length and pore size [22], and wall thickness [3]. Electrolyte composition plays a critical role in determining the resultant nanotube array architecture and, potentially, its chemical composition. Electrolyte composition determines both the rate of nanotube array formation, as well as the rate at which the resultant oxide is dissolved. In most cases, a fluoride ion containing electrolyte is needed for nanotube array formation. In an effort to shift the band gap of the titania... 

During a double-sided anodization process, where both sides of the starting Titanium foil are exposed to the anodizing electrolyte, by starting with 1 mm thick Ti foil have obtained 2 mm thick nanotube array membrane, comprised of two 1 mm long nanotube arrays, see Fig. 5.15. 

To help understand the process of nanotube formation, FESEM images of the surface of the samples anodized at 20 V for different durations were taken and analyzed. At the start the anodization the initial oxide layer [111], formed due to interaction of the surface Ti ions with oxygen ions (0 ) in the electrolyte, can be seen uniformly spread across the surface. The overall reactions for anodic oxidation of titanium can be represented as... 

Fig. 5.23 GAXRD patterns of the nanotube samples annealed at temperatures ranging from 230 to 880°C in dry oxygen ambient for 3 h. A, R, and T represent anatase, rutile, and titanium, respectively.

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