Electric enhanced

Electrical Enhancement of Dewatering. Electrophoresis (qv) can be used to prevent a filter cake from forming on a filter medium while allowing water to pass through the medium from the slurry. Electrophoresis is used to move the particles upstream, opposite to the Hquid movement, in order to prevent blinding of the medium. 

Fig. 22. C02/CH4 breakthrough plots for CFCMS sample 21-1F (10% bum-off) showing the benefit of electrically enhanced desorption A. 1 volt, He purge 04 slpm B 1 volt, He purge 0.06 slpm, and C. 0 volt, He purge 0.06 slpm...

Badkar A, Banga A. Electrically enhanced transdermal delivery of a macromolecule. J Pharm Pharmacol 2002 54 907-912. 

The literature describing such synergy between electrical enhancement techniques with chemical penetration enhancers was reviewed recently [2] and is beyond the scope of this chapter. 

Ledger, P.W. 1992. Skin biological issues in electrically enhanced transdermal delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 9 289. 

Graaff, A.M., et al. 2003. Combined chemical and electrical enhancement modulates stratum corneum structure. J Control Release 90 49. 

Jadoul, A., and V. Preat. 1997. Electrically enhanced transdermal delivery of domperidone. Int J Pharm 154 229. 

Improved mass transfer leads to smaller extraction equipment with shorter residence times. Weatherley et al.52 studied ethanol extraction with decanol under a range of electrically enhanced experimental conditions. 

The remarkable resistance of the SC intercellular lipid network to the passive penetration of therapeutic agents has intensified the search for devices, chemical and physical, with the ability to perturb this lipid environment. Of the many physical techniques investigated, iontophoresis (or electrically enhanced transdermal transport) has become an important focal point [160-162]. Unparalleled in its ability to deliver (noninvasively) ionized drugs across the skin, its modus operandi appears to be largely dependent on transcutaneous ion-conducting pathways (which may be paracellular), rather than a function of direct interaction with the lipid infrastructure [163]. Nevertheless, the effect of the applied current on the lipid (and protein) domains is a matter of interest with respect to both safety considerations (i.e., does the applied current induce stmctural alterations ) and mechanistic insight. ATR-FTIR has been used in a number of studies to discern the effect of iontophoresis on SC lipid and protein structures, both in vivo and in vitro. In separate studies, human SC was examined in vivo following the delivery of current at 0.1-0.2 mA/cm for 30... 

Huotari HM, Huisman IM, and Tragardh G, Electrically enhanced crossflow membrane filtration of oily waste water using the membrane as a cathode, J. Membr. Sci. 1999 156 49-60. 

Membrane technology may become essential if zero-discharge mills become a requirement or legislation on water use becomes very restrictive. The type of membrane fractionation required varies according to the use that is to be made of the treated water. This issue is addressed in Chapter 35, which describes the apphcation of membrane processes in the pulp and paper industry for treatment of the effluent generated. Chapter 36 focuses on the apphcation of membrane bioreactors in wastewater treatment. Chapter 37 describes the apphcations of hollow fiber contactors in membrane-assisted solvent extraction for the recovery of metallic pollutants. The apphcations of membrane contactors in the treatment of gaseous waste streams are presented in Chapter 38. Chapter 39 deals with an important development in the strip dispersion technique for actinide recovery/metal separation. Chapter 40 focuses on electrically enhanced membrane separation and catalysis. Chapter 41 contains important case studies on the treatment of effluent in the leather industry. The case studies cover the work carried out at pilot plant level with membrane bioreactors and reverse osmosis. Development in nanofiltration and a case study on the recovery of impurity-free sodium thiocyanate in the acrylic industry are described in Chapter 42. 

Electrically Enhanced Membrane Processes for Water Purification. 1072... 

Which Electrically Enhanced Separation Process Treats Which Effluent Most Efhciently . 1077... 

ELECTRICALLY ENHANCED MEMBRANE PROCESSES FOR WATER PURIFICATION... 

The process of ED is, by definition, a membrane-based separation process in which ions are driven through an ion-selective membrane under the influence of an electric field [35]. Conversely, in electrofiltration a charged pollutant particle is prevented from moving through a membrane by the influence of an electric field. Electrosorption is an electrically enhanced ion-exchange process and electroremediation is a process developed for the decontamination of polluted soil. Each different process is discussed separately. 

Which electrically enhanced separation process treats which effluent most efficiently ... 

Which new water treatment applications can be identified specifically for electrically enhanced separation processes ... 

In contrast with all other electrically enhanced processes, electrochemical disinfection can be employed at low concentration of pollutants (in this case microorganisms). No highly conductive electrolyte is required for effective disinfection. Electrochemical disinfection will have to compete with chemicals normally used for water disinfection, such as chlorine, or ultrahltration membrane systems. In remote areas (such as rural village water supply) the electrochemical disinfection system, which does not necessarily need a pump, is competitive especially for small-scale processes [71]. 

Which New Water Treatment Applications Can Be Identieied Specieically eor Electrically Enhanced Separation Processes ... 

Many existing water purihcation processes not enhanced by an electrical held are potential interesting helds of research. Li et al. described promising results for the adsorption of huorine on amorphous alumina supported on carbon nanotubes [72]. It is possible that their method can be enhanced by the use of electric held, as other researchers have shown with other electrically enhanced adsorption processes. 

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