Muscular tissue tendons

In its ordinary meaning, the term meat is applied to parts of slaughtered animals consisting principally of muscular tissue together with larger or smaller quantities of tendons, adipose tissue, bone, etc. 

Hand lipomas are often large and lobulated. They frequently develop over the palmar aspect of the hand and the thenar eminence, extending with elongated processes among muscles and flexor tendons. The blending of the fat into surrounding subcutaneous or muscular tissue usually results in ill-defined margins. US can easily characterize these lesions based on their echotexture and compressibility. 

In mature tendon, collagen fibril bundles (fibers) have diameters between 1 and 300 mm and fibrils have diameters from 20 to over 280 nm (Figure 3.28). The presence of a crimp pattern in the collagen fibers has been established for rat tail tendon as well as for patellar tendon and anterior cruciate ligament the specific geometry of the pattern, however, differs from tissue to tissue. It is not clear that the crimp morphology of tendon is actually present in tendons that are under normal resting muscular forces. 

The authors of this chapter have studied the effect of C and D toxin serotypes, as well as A, B, and E, on human intercostal muscle (Hihnas, unpublished data). All serotypes showed a similar ability to produce complete muscular paralysis in ex vivo human intercostal muscle. Intercostal muscle was excised from patients receiving a thoracotomy and intercostal muscle flap procedure. The muscle was removed tendon to tendon by surgical excision without electrocautery and dissected into multiple bundles with their associated intercostal nerves. The nerve-muscle units were placed in a vertical twitch bath and stimulated at 0.03 Hz (0.2 ms pulses of supramaximal strength) using a novel nerve clamp electrode to illicit an indirect muscle twitch. Potent toxins (1 nM) from various serotypes were added to the bath after confirming the stability of control muscle responses. In each case, twitch tensions declined to negligible amplitudes by 1 h after direct toxin application to the tissue bath. 

Most of the commonly used degradable polymer scaffolds are mechanically strong, but for certain applications such as engineering muscles and tendons, which require considerable elasticity, these polymers are not optimal. Novel biodegradable polyesters have been developed with superior elasticity and strength that resemble vulcanized rubber and are hence termed as biorubber. Scaffolds made with these mechanically functional materials may be useful especially in engineering elastic tissue such as muscular-skeletal tissues and blood vessels. 

Dysthyroid endocrine orbitopathy (EO) or thyroid eye disease is the most common disorder affecting the orbit, usually presents in middle-aged women, and represents the most frequent cause of unilateral or bilateral proptosis in adults (Mueller-Forell and Pitz 2004 Aviv and Miszkiel 2005). EO is predominantly associated with autoimmune hyperthyroidism, which is also referred to as Morbus Basedow or Grave s disease (Mueller-Forell and Pitz 2004), but the orbitopathy may precede thyroid disease or occur with euthyroid or hypothyroidism (Aviv and Miszkiel 2005). EO is associated with edema of all structures of the orbit. The hallmarks of EO, however, are spindle-shaped edema of the intra-orbital muscles, which leaves out the tendons, and enlargement of the intra-orbital fat tissue (Fig. 12.7) (Mueller-Forell and Pitz 2004 Aviv and Miszkiel 2005). Muscular edema usually is most pronounced in... 

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