Tissue fibrosis

Kaviratne M, Hesse M, Leusink M, et al. IL-13 activates a mechanism of tissue fibrosis that is completely TGF-beta independent. J Immunol 2004 173(6) 4020-4029. 

Do not give more than 5 ml in any one site. Do not inject into or near a major nerve vary injection sites. Repeated injection into the same site may cause atrophy and necrosis of muscle tissue, fibrosis, vascular degeneration, and inflammatory changes. 

Lee CG, Homer RJ, Zhu Z, Lanone S, Wang X, Koteliansky V, Shipley JM, Gotwals P, Noble P, Chen Q, Senior RM, Elias JA. Interleukin-13 induces tissue fibrosis by selectively stimulating and activating transforming growth factor-P 1. Journal of Experimental Medicine 2001, 194, 809-821. 

A safe, effective, inexpensive, orally-absorbed iron chelating agent would improve compliance and the quality of life of affected patients. Deferiprone, which is the best of many agents examined, is less effective than desferrioxamine, carries a risk of agranulocytosis and may itself cause tissue fibrosis. It remains under clinical trial but may be too toxic for general use. 

Chronic suppurative otitis media is an inflammatory condition of the middle ear. The presence of a tympanic membrane perforation or a tympanostomy tube allows drainage into the external ear canal. Increased vascularity of the mucosa and submucosa, combined with acute and chronic inflammatory cells, is its hallmark. Granulation tissue, fibrosis, and osteoneogenesis are also commonly present. The granulation tissue contains neutrophils and plasma cells associated with small blood vessels and fibroblasts. ... 

Taken together, the identification of mast cell hyperplasia and mediator release at sites of tissue fibrosis and wound healing, observations in animal models, and study of the actions of mast cell products, has provided much circumstantial evidence that mast cells are involved in tissue remodelling, healing and fibrosis. It is unlikely that mast cells are essential in these responses, but more likely that they augment them. Complex interactions between different connective tissue components, mast cells and other inflammatory cells are likely to operate, and are unlikely to be fully delineated in humans in vivo. It seems reasonable to hypothesize however that initial mast cell mediator release has the potential to activate fibroblasts, which may then promote the recruitment at d proliferation of further mast cells, explaining the mast cell hyperplasia often witnessed at sites of chronic inflammation. 

The mechanism finking chronic inflammation and tissue fibrosis is poorly understood. Various exposures and conditions are believed to cause pulmonary fibrosis. These include particulate agents, physical agents and infectious agents. To examine the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis different experimental models in animals have been described. The most commonly used method to... 

Iwano M, Plieth D, Danoff TM, Xue C, Okada H, Neilson EG. Evidence that fibroblasts derive from epithelium during tissue fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2002 110 341-50. 

These studies implicated transforming growth factor-p and platelet growth factor as potential important cytokines in EMS and suggested that the pathogenesis of tissue fibrosis in EMS and TOS may be dependent on different growth factors. 

Abscess Wall of granulation tissue fibrosis (Table 20.5) inflammation and gliosis purulent contents Collagen (-I-) reticulin (-I-) E26 (S) A6 (S) LCA k and Ig a-ACT KP1 (S) microorganisms Basal frontal and temporal lobes CNS... 

Serum MMP-2 and TIMP-1 levels rise within 3 days following extensive burn injury. Ulrich et al. (U3) proposed that the elevated TIMP-1 concentration might contribute to tissue fibrosis. Increased levels of serum TIMP-1, but not MMP-3, have been reported in patients with atopic dermatitis serum levels of TIMP-1 dropped after conventional therapy (K3). 

Gothard, L. et al., Non-randomised phase II trial of hyperbaric oxgen therapy in patients with chronic are lymphoedema and tissue fibrosis after radiotherapy for early breast cancer, Radiother. oncol, 70 (3), 217-224, 2004. 

E. Other complications of high-dose acute radiation syndrome include multisystem organ failure, veno-occlusive disease of the liver, interstitial pneumonitis, renal failure, tissue fibrosis, skin bums, and hair loss. 

Neck fibrosis, an uncommon adverse reaction to ciclosporin, has been reported in a 30-year-old man with adult-onset Still s disease who took ciclosporin 3mg/kg/day, glucocorticoids, and NSAIDs for 1 year [13 ]. There was complete regression 1 year after withdrawal of ciclosporin. Apart from gingival tissue, fibrosis associated with ciclosporin can be found in various other... 

A variety of clinical situations can result in diffuse cavernosal flbrotic changes. Low-flow priapism is a well-known cause of cavernosal tissue fibrosis with resulting venous occlusive deficiency. It is commonly accepted that prompt treatment is mandatory because recovery of erectile function becomes increasingly unlikely over time (El-Bahnasawy et al. 2002). Cavernosal tissue damage leading to fibrotic changes can occasionally occur also in patients with stuttering priapism and with arterial priapism (Hakim et al. 1996 Bertolotto et al. 2003). 

Border WA, Noble NA (1994) Transforming growth factor beta in tissue fibrosis. N Engl J Med 331 1286-1292... 

Contrary to gadolinium-based and to iodinated contrast agents, microbubbles do not diffuse out of the blood circulation. As a consequence, after intravenous microbubble administration fibrotic tissue shows no enhancement in all vascular phases. At contrast-enhanced ultrasonography, localized cavernosal tissue fibrosis presents as a circumscribed perfusion defect. Diffuse fibrotic changes present with inhomogeneous enhancement ofthe corpora cavernosa. Contrary to the normal cavernosal tissue, delayed peripheral enhancement of variable degree is often appreciable, probably by the presence of viable subalbugineal cavernosal tissue fed by peripheral vascular pathways, while poor or no contrast enhancement is appreciable in the central portion of the corpora cavernosa (Fig. 21.10). 

Some vegetable fibres such as raw cotton can cause constrictive lung disease. Breathing becomes difficult when workers return to work after a weekend off. There is swelling of the cells of the alveoli, and with long-term exposure scar tissue (fibrosis) develops. 

In addition to the inflammatory response observed in periprosthetic tissues, other morphologic changes can take place in tissue and bone surrounding the implant. These changes include tissue fibrosis, necrosis, fibrocartilage formation, heterotopic ossification, and last, but certainly not least, osteolysis of the surrounding bone (Figure 23.6). 

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