Thermoplastics, Thermosets and Elastomers

Bart and co-workers [25] and others [34, 101, 163] have reviewed the application of TG-MS for the study of polymeric materials, thermoplastics, thermosets and elastomers. This thermoanalytical technique is used for the structural characterisation of homopolymers, copolymers, polymeric blends and composites and finds application in the detection of monomeric residuals, solvents, additives, (toxic) degradation products, etc. Information is... 

Dimethanodil)enzo-(a,e)cydooclane, 1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,13,13,14,14-dodeca-chloro- 1,4,4a,5,6,6a,7,10,1 Oa, 11,12,12a-dodecahydro-1,4 7,10-Dimethanodiben2o(a,e)oyolooctene, EINECS 236-948-9. Chlorine-containing cycloaliphatic comp-ound. Used as a flame retardant in polymer systems (thermoplastics, thermosets and elastomers) usually combined with antimony oxide as a synergist. Colorless crystals mp >326° soluble in o-dichlorobenzene LDso (rat orl) = 25 g/kg. OxyChem. 

Before discussing the flow behavior of polymeric nanocomposites (PNCs), the nature of these materials should be outlined. As the name indicates, PNCs must contain at least two components, a polymeric matrix with dispersed nanoparticles [Utracki, 2004]. PNCs with thermoplastics, thermosets, and elastomers have been produced. The nanoparticles, by lUPAC s definition, must have at least one dimension that is not larger than 2 nm. They can be of any shape, but the most common for structural PNCs are sheets about 1 nm thick with the aspect ratio p=D/t= 20 to 6000, where D is the inscribed (or equivalent) diameter and t is the thickness of the sheet. These inorganic lamellar solids might be either natural or synthetic [Utracki et al., 2007]. 

Almost all types of polymers, including thermoplastic, thermoset, and elastomers, have either demonstrated a self-healing capability or have shown the potential to be healed. Various... 

Although thermoplastics, thermosets and elastomers can be used as matrix of polymer composites, thermosets are more widely used mainly due to the processing techniques employed in their manufactme, that allow for the easy use of long fibers, mats and fabrics as reinforcement. Thermosets are also generally more thermally stable than thermoplastics, and these two reasons lead to products with significantly higher mechanical properties which are less affected by thermal variations than thermoplastic composites [1,2,12],... 

Dimer acid-based polyesters being used as thermoplasts, thermoset, and elastomers are used in large quantities as adhesives and coatings. The polyesters, as we have reported herein, may have various commercial applications. Owing to the flexural properties, these low molecular weight linear polyesters of dimer acid may be used as plasticizers providing internal lubrication for various polymers, such as polyimides and inorganic coordination polymers, which may have very poor processibility. 

Load Fracture. Thermoplastics, thermosets, and elastomers deform in different ways. In the case of ductile thermoplastics, as the load increases, the tangled, thread-like macromolecules become stretched, aligned, and in some cases will glide apart. The stretched areas will recoil like a spring, and this will be most pronounced at the highly stressed fracture site, which additionally warms up on... 

Peter, E. N. Plastics Thermoplastics, Thermosets, and Elastomers. In Handbook of Materials Selection, John Wiley Sons, Inc. New York, 2007 p 349. 

A free-flowing white powder, Dechlorane Plus contains 65 percent chlorine in a cycloaliphatic confound, ideal for imparting flame retardant properties to thermoplastics, thermosets and elastomers. As the only stable chlorinated flame retardant on the market, Dechlorane Plus is usually combined with antimony oxide (Sb203), but in some resins can be used with other synergists. 

These improvement possibilities are not restricted to injection molds. Thus, in addition to the mold cavities for thermoplastic, thermoset, and elastomer processing, also extrusion molds, slides and jaws, ejector systems, melt control systems and return valves are treated with success. Also for the treatable types of mold materials, the frontiers have been pushed back in recent years. In addition to typical mold steels, nonferrous metals like aluminum or copper alloys can be optimized through different surface and coating technologies. 

Plastics can be subdivided into three main categories thermoplastics, thermosets and elastomers. This distinction is based on both the molecular structure and the processing routes... 

While overall adhesive consumption increased 250% during the last 25 years, synthetic compounds (thermoplastic, thermoset, and elastomer) grew by more than 600%. In... 

Wood flours are used as a reinforcing material for thermoplastics, thermosets, and elastomers. Some wood fiber-thermoplastic materials can be recycled repeatedly with no significant change in performance. Commercially wood flours have long been used in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) compounds for flooring tile. The main applications for wood-plastic compounds are decking, consumer goods, and housewares. 

Nyco Minerals, Inc., 1994, Wollastocoat in Thermoplastics, Thermosets and Elastomers. ODriscoll, M., 1988," Minerals in Adhesives and Sealants", Industrial Minerals, Feb., pp 32-51. 

Chemical Resistance of Thermoplastics also includes introductory chapters which will enhance the usefiilness of the information to a broader audience. The first of these chapters introduces polymer chemistry, physics and engineering at a fairly elementary level that is easy to read and accessible to technically informed readers without a background in plastics. The chapter begins by providing definitions and a history of polymers. It continues with the classification of different types of polymers, including thermoplastics, thermosets and elastomers. Also covered are properties, stmctures, and examples of commercial polymers as well as processing and polymerization techniques. The chapter ends with a discussion of applications and common trademarks of plastics. 

Functional polymer nanocomposites consist of polymer matrices, including thermoplastics, thermosets and elastomers having nanoparticles or nanofillers dispersed in the polymer matrix. Two or more materials are combined to produce composites that possess properties that are unique and cannot be obtained from the individual materials acting alone. This new class of composite materials has shown enhanced optical, magnetic, mechanical, electrical and dielectric properties. They are important commercial materials with new combinations of structural and functional properties for applications in medicine, civil engineering, rubber and plastics, automotive and electrotechnical industries [39]. 

This chapter has been adapted from Surface Preparation of Thermoplastics, Thermosets, and Elastomers in Surface Treatment of Materials for Adhesion Bonding, S. Ebnesajjad C.F. Ebnesajjad 2006 Elsevier Inc. 

---