Thermophile bacteria

Thermooxidatiion Thermopave Thermophilic bacteria Thermophotometry Thermopiles Thermoplastic... 

The demonstration unit was later transported to the CECOS faciHty at Niagara Falls, New York. In tests performed in 1985, approximately 3400 L of a mixed waste containing 2-chlorophenol [95-57-8] nitrobenzene [98-95-3] and 1,1,2-trichloroethane [79-00-5] were processed over 145 operating hours 2-propanol was used as a supplemental fuel the temperature was maintained at 615 to 635°C. Another 95-h test was conducted on a PCB containing transformer waste. Very high destmction efficiencies were achieved for all compounds studied (17). A later bench-scale study, conducted at Smith Kline and French Laboratories in conjunction with Modar (18), showed that simulated chemical and biological wastes, a fermentation broth, and extreme thermophilic bacteria were all completely destroyed within detection limits. 

Thermophilic bacteria are able to grow at 55°C. They are spore-forming bacilli that can enter milk from a variety of farm sources. Tbermophiles grow ia milk held at elevated temperatures. Their presence ia milk is determined by means of the agar plate method and iacubation at 55°C. 

Chirazymes. These are commercially available enzymes e.g. lipases, esterases, that can be used for the preparation of a variety of optically active carboxylic acids, alcohols and amines. They can cause regio and stereospecific hydrolysis and do not require cofactors. Some can be used also for esterification or transesterification in neat organic solvents. The proteases, amidases and oxidases are obtained from bacteria or fungi, whereas esterases are from pig liver and thermophilic bacteria. For preparative work the enzymes are covalently bound to a carrier and do not therefore contaminate the reaction products. Chirazymes are available form Roche Molecular Biochemicals and are used without further purification. 

Summation of mesophilic bacteria, fungi, and thermophilic bacteria. CPU = colony-forming units. 

The subsequent advance was rather fortuitous and rested more with serendipity than with scientific logic. A search was made for cheaper more effective replacements for casein hydrolysate. Amongst the tested materials was com steep liquor (CSL). CSL is a by-product of the manufacture of starch from maize kemals. Whole maize is incubated in warm water, at 50°C acidified with SO2. Thermophilic bacteria hydrolyse proteins and other components of the kemals, thereby loosening the starch granules. These are removed, leaving behind the steep liquor which is used to treat further maize kemals. Ultimately, the liquor is too viscous to re-use and the liquor is concentrated and used as cattle feed. It was this material that was used for penicillin fermentation. Surprisingly, the yield of penicillin increased by a further 5-10 fold giving yields of 50-100 ig ml. 

Metalloenzymes and Redox Proteins from Extremely Thermophilic Bacteria... 

Membranes of extreme halophilic (Kushwaha et al. 1975, Anwar et al. 1977, Anton et al. 2002, Lutnaes et al. 2002, Oren 2002) and thermophilic bacteria (Alfredsson et al. 1988, Yokoyama et al. 1995) contain a large concentration of polar carotenoids. Membranes of these bacteria, which live in extreme conditions, should provide a high barrier to block nonspecific permeation of polar and nonpolar molecules. Incorporation of dipolar carotenoids into these membranes at a high concentration serves this purpose well because dipolar carotenoids increase the hydrophobic barrier for polar molecules (Wisniewska and Subczynski 1998, Wisniewska et al. 2006) and increase the rigidity barrier... 

The idea that microbes could migrate across the universe was supported by scientists with a worldwide reputation, such as H. von Helmholtz, W. Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) and Svante Arrhenius. This hypothesis was still accepted by Arrhenius in the year 1927, when he reported in the Zeitschrift fur Physikalische Chemie on his assumption that thermophilic bacteria could be transported within a few days from Venus (with a calculated surface temperature of 320 K) to the Earth by the radiation pressure of the sun (Arrhenius, 1927). The panspermia hypothesis, which seemed to have disappeared in the intervening decades, was reintroduced in the ideas of Francis Crick (Crick and Orgel, 1973). It still exists in a modified form (see Sect. 11.1.2.4). 

In the same year, Miller and the biologist Antonio Lazcano (National Autonomous University of Mexico) spoke out against hypotheses that life could have originated at hydrothermal vents. They believe that the presence of thermophilic bacteria (the oldest life forms) does not prove that biogenesis occurred in the depths of the oceans. Stanley Miller sees a greater chance for successful pre-biotic chemistry under the conditions of a cold primeval Earth rather than at high temperatures in hydrothermal regions (Miller and Lazcano, 1995). 

Desulfurization of diesel oils by thermophilic bacteria has also been demonstrated. A LGO with 800ppm sulfur was biotreated with Paenibacillus All-2 at 50°C in a... 

Kirimura, K. Harada, K. Iwasawa, H., et al., Identification and Functional Analysis of the Genes Encoding Dibenzothiophene-Desulfurizing Enzymes From Thermophilic Bacteria. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2004. 65(6) pp. 703-713. 

Extremozymes, enzymes from thermophilic bacteria, have become important in synthetic chemistry. 

One problem identified at the outset was that MPEG or a monosaccharide DOX-MPEG as acceptors had to be presented to a glucosidase in a concentration, which renders the solution quite viscous at 37°C, and consequently the reaction becomes very slow.47 Below this acceptor concentration threshold, reaction yields were very low. Enzymes from thermophilic bacteria working at higher temperatures... 

T.A.M.=Total Aerobic Mesophilic bacteria T.A.T.=Total Aerobic Thermophilic bacteria T.An.M.=Total Anaerobic Mesophilic bacteria Coliforms=Total Coliform bacteria... 

Heterotrophy Organic compounds O2, NO Organic compounds Mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria... 

Fermentation Organic compounds Organic compounds Organic compounds CH3COOH CH4 + CO2 Mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria hyperthermophilic archaea... 

The reason that the cyclodextrin transglycosylase occurs only in Bacillus macerans and a few other thermophilic bacteria has not, as yet, been determined. Nevertheless, it is interesting to speculate about the possible evolutionary advantage that a bacterium might have by possessing the cyclodextrin transglycosylase. Because the cyclodextrins have no end... 

The temperature dependency of enzymatic activity is usually asymmetric. With increasing temperature, the increased thermal movement of the molecules initially leads to a rate acceleration (see p.22). At a certain temperature, the enzyme then becomes unstable, and its activity is lost within a narrow temperature difference as a result of denatu-ration (see p. 74). The optimal temperatures of the enzymes in higher organisms rarely exceed 50 °C, while enzymes from thermophilic bacteria found in hot springs, for instance, may still be active at 100 °C. 

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