Thermodynamic domain

LiCalsi, C. Crocenzi, T.S. Freire, E. Roseman, S. Sugar transport by the bacterial phosphotransferase system. Structural and thermodynamic domains of enzyme I of Salmonella typhimurium. J. Biol. Chem., 266, 19519-19527 (1991)... 

In short, the theorems, terminology, and working methods of Euclidean geometry can be carried over intact into this abstract thermodynamic domain. 

There has not yet been any reported experimental evidence that seems to indicate the need to incorporate Jordan blocks in pure Hamiltonian dynamics. However, if the question is directed towards a more complex situation, i.e., to the thermodynamic domain concerned with a description based on a Liouvillian generator, the appearance of large Jordan blocks has... 

The amplification of the number of the structures by polymorphic modifications, more and more numerous as a result of the investigations of the extreme thermodynamic domains parameters (e g. very high or very low temperatures, coupled with pressures variation from the very deep vacuum to tens and hundreds of thousands of atmospheres) requires finding certain criteria of systematization that allow the coverage of the entire existing experimental data as well as the current and future research results. 

Figure 22. Thermodynamic domains of existence of precipitated solid phase.

In the energy or thermodynamic domain, energy is to be transferred from somce to recipient in the required form and amount, at the required moment and position. Application of first and second principles in this domain is seen in microwave-based reactions, photochemical reactions, etc., where the selectivity as well as imiformity are enhanced. Alternate forms of energies such as electric, magnetic and acoustic fields illustrate the applications of third principle by enhancing mass and heat transport between phases. 

In physical terms, particles are classified into different domains relative to their predominant mechanism of mechanical particle transport. Particles smaller than 0.1 pm are related to the thermodynamic domain and particles larger than 1 pm to the aerodynamic domain. A transitional domain is defined for those particles with diameters between 0.1 and 1 pm (10). A detailed overview of the different particle classifications is given in Chapter 1. 

Deposition of particles of the thermodynamic size range has not been studied extensively in humans. Cheng and co-workers (185) measured deposition efficiencies for 4-, 8-, 20-, and 150-nm particles in ten healthy adult, male volunteers. For nose-in mouth-out breathing at flow rates of 333 cm s, deposition fractions for these particle sizes were 36.7 10.6 (mean SD), 21.2 8.9, 11.1 7.7, and 5.2 3.8%. However, because expiratory deposition in the mouth is not negligible for particles in the thermodynamic domain, these values overestimate nasal deposition. The large SD values indicate that intersubject deposition variability is notable in the thermodynamic domain. Mean nasal deposition, as de-... 

We consider a two state system, state A and state B. A state is defined as a domain in phase space that is (at least) in local equilibrium since thermodynamic variables are assigned to it. We assume that A or B are described by a local canonical ensemble. There are no dark or hidden states and the probability of the system to be in either A or in B is one. A phenomenological rate equation that describes the transitions between A and B is... 

The most important materials among nonlinear dielectrics are ferroelectrics which can exhibit a spontaneous polarization PI in the absence of an external electric field and which can spHt into spontaneously polarized regions known as domains (5). It is evident that in the ferroelectric the domain states differ in orientation of spontaneous electric polarization, which are in equiUbrium thermodynamically, and that the ferroelectric character is estabUshed when one domain state can be transformed to another by a suitably directed external electric field (6). It is the reorientabiUty of the domain state polarizations that distinguishes ferroelectrics as a subgroup of materials from the 10-polar-point symmetry group of pyroelectric crystals (7—9). 

HGSystem offers the most rigorous treatments of HF source-term and dispersion analysis a ailable for a public domain code. It provides modeling capabilities to other chemical species with complex thermodynamic behavior. It treats aerosols and multi-component mixtures, spillage of a liquid non-reactive compound from a pressurized vessel, efficient simulations of time-dependent... 

An ordering phase transition is characterized by a loss of symmetry the ordered phase has less symmetry than the disordered one. Hence, an ordering process leads to the coexistence of different domains of the same ordered phase. An interface forms whenever two such domains contact. The thermodynamic behavior of this interface is governed by different forces. The presence of the underlying lattice and the stability of the ordered domains tend to localize the interface and to reduce its width. On the other hand, thermal fluctuations favor an interfacial wandering and an increase of the interface width. The result of this competition depends strongly on the order of the bulk phase transition. 

An evaluation of the retardation effects of surfactants on the steady velocity of a single drop (or bubble) under the influence of gravity has been made by Levich (L3) and extended recently by Newman (Nl). A further generalization to the domain of flow around an ensemble of many drops or bubbles in the presence of surfactants has been completed most recently by Waslo and Gal-Or (Wl). The terminal velocity of the ensemble is expressed in terms of the dispersed-phase holdup fraction and reduces to Levich s solution for a single particle when approaches zero. The basic theoretical principles governing these retardation effects will be demonstrated here for the case of a single drop or bubble. Thermodynamically, this is a case where coupling effects between the diffusion of surfactants (first-order tensorial transfer) and viscous flow (second-order tensorial transfer) takes place. Subject to the Curie principle, it demonstrates that this retardation effect occurs on a nonisotropic interface. Therefore, it is necessary to express the concentration of surfactants T, as it varies from point to point on the interface, in terms of the coordinates of the interface, i.e.,... 

A detailed description of AA, BB, CC step-growth copolymerization with phase separation is an involved task. Generally, the system we are attempting to model is a polymerization which proceeds homogeneously until some critical point when phase separation occurs into what we will call hard and soft domains. Each chemical species present is assumed to distribute itself between the two phases at the instant of phase separation as dictated by equilibrium thermodynamics. The polymerization proceeds now in the separate domains, perhaps at differen-rates. The monomers continue to distribute themselves between the phases, according to thermodynamic dictates, insofar as the time scales of diffusion and reaction will allow. Newly-formed polymer goes to one or the other phase, also dictated by the thermodynamic preference of its built-in chain micro — architecture. 

Many enveloped viruses share a common mechanism of fusion, mediated by a virus-encoded glycoprotein that contains heptad repeats in its extraceUnlar domain. Dnring the fnsion process, these domains rearrange to form highly structured and thermodynamically stable coiled-coils. Viruses encoding fusion proteins that have these domains inclnde members of the paramyxovirus family (e.g., respiratory syncytial virus, metapneumovirus, and measles virus), ebola virus, influenza, and members of the retroviridae (e.g., human T cell lenkemia virus type-1 and human immunodeficiency virus type-1, HlV-1). Peptide inhibitors of fusion that disrupt the... 

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