The second principle

Complexity has a straightforward intuitive meaning (it is the opposite of simplicity), but its scientific history is littered with the corpses of discarded definitions. There simply is no hope of achieving a general consensus on a comprehensive definition of complexity, and this implies that any attempt to give a mathematical formulation to the problem of epigenesis is apparently crippled at the very beginning by lack of a definition. 

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Two basic principles govern the arrangement of protein subunits within the shells of spherical viruses. The first is specificity subunits must recognize each other with precision to form an exact interface of noncovalent interactions because virus particles assemble spontaneously from their individual components. The second principle is genetic economy the shell is built up from many copies of a few kinds of subunits. These principles together imply symmetry specific, repeated bonding patterns of identical building blocks lead to a symmetric final structure. 

The second principle was the great defensive strength of an established, capital intensive procedure. In the overall process for making acrylonitrile via acetylene, very big plants were needed for making the acetylene either by partial oxidation of methane or from carbide furnaces. Manufacture of HCN from methane involved further expense ... 

In contrast to thermodynamic properties, transport properties are classified as irreversible processes because they are always associated with the creation of entropy. The most classical example concerns thermal conductance. As a consequence of the second principle of thermodynamics, heat spontaneously moves from higher to lower temperatures. Thus the transfer of AH from temperature to T2 creates a positive amount of entropy ... 

The second principle is to ensure the transparency of the model, describing the algorithms used to generate predictions. This information is critical to evaluate the performance of the model. In the case of commercial models, the used algorithms... 

The first principle in hazard assessment is to have the data correspond as closely as possible to the real-life situation that is, the nearer the model to humans, the better the quality of the prediction of any potential hazards. The second principle should now also be clear to be able to translate toxicity to hazard, and to be able to manage such hazards, it is essential to know how the agent is to be used and the marketplace it is to be part of. It is hoped that this section has made these relationships clear. 

The second principle, the Aufbau principle, describes the order in which the electrons enter the different orbitals and sublevels. The arrangement of electrons builds up from the lowest energy level. The most stable arrangement of... 

The these d agregation ends with a very brief chapter Time and entropy," which contains the root of Prigogine s future preoccupations. He defines a thermodynamic time" related to the entropy production. It is interesting to point out one of the last conclusions of this chapter Originating from the second principle, the thermodynamic time necessarily appears as a statistical concept. It loses its meaning at the scale of elementary processes. This... 

The second principle is a rule that is derived from the properties of the bond graph and is known as the Coordination number rule (Rule 6.1). An alternative statement of the rule from that given in Section 6.3 is ... 

If the first principle gives S its internal rationality, the second principle preserves it by excluding any element that is uncombinable with its existing elements. The most important element to be excluded is the one already noted, the belief that p. The need to exclude such elements from S is neglected in many theories because it is natural to adopt the stance of daily life and to view the whole scene from the high ground of O. This encourages the erroneous assumption that it is only that needs to be preserved from irrationality in cases of self-deception without latitude and that S does not have the same need. 

The second principle, which has been used earlier (page 194) in constructing the correlation diagrams for the Woodward-Hoffmann rules, and which has its ultimate origin in the phenomenon of configuration interaction (page 179) is called the noncrossing rule ... 

The second principle stresses on the transparency of the model. Regulators cannot rely on something that cannot be verified. This refers to all model components, such as data, descriptors, equations, rules, etc. 

The law of the conservation of energy is also known as the first principle of thermodynamics. To formulate the motion equation of a liquid, it is necessary to use the second principle of thermodynamics also, which can be written as the equation for the change of the entropy s for unit mass. 

There are static and dynamic methods. The static methods measure the tension of practically stationary surfaces which have been formed for an appreciable time, and depend on one of two principles. The most accurate depend on the pressure difference set up on the two sides of a curved surface possessing surface tension (Chap. I, 10), and are often only devices for the determination of hydrostatic pressure at a prescribed curvature of the liquid these include the capillary height method, with its numerous variants, the maximum bubble pressure method, the drop-weight method, and the method of sessile drops. The second principle, less accurate, but very often convenient because of its rapidity, is the formation of a film of the liquid and its extension by means of a support caused to adhere to the liquid temporarily methods in this class include the detachment of a ring or plate from the surface of any liquid, and the measurement of the tension of soap solutions by extending a film. 

The second principle applies to any physical representation anything that is used to stand for something else has an existence in its own right in addition to its existence in a stand-for relation to its referent. What is potentially problematic for understanding cartographic maps is distinguishing between the physical features of a map that do and do not carry representational meaning about the referent. 

The Young s moduli of the small-diameter extrudates were uniquely related to the extrusion ratio R to a very gocxl approximation. As shown in Fig. 19, this relationship does not depend on the molecular weight of the polymer, consistent with the second principle enunciated above. In fact, it appears from extensive studies of the structure and properties of oriented LPE, PP and POM that comparable materials are produced in large section by hydrostatic extrusion to those produced as fibres or tapes by tensile drawing. 

ARGENTUM VIVUM — is the chemical term for Mercury. It is simply a viscous water, in the bowels of the earth, of a subtle substance, having the nature of white earth, made one with a perfect union, up to the last point and particle, until that which is humid is modified by that which is dry, and the dry again by the humid, until the whole is absolutely homogeneous. Also Vivific Silver, i.e., the philosophical substance which is to be distinguished from common quicksilver, is the complementary part of the stone of the philosophers, as the chemists tell us the second principle, the mother of all the metals, and in proportion as it copulates with their father, the male sulphur, it engenders perfection and imperfection in metals, and when it predominates the metals (like a foetus) derive more from the mother than the father. Into that also from which they most originate are they most resolved. Now quicksilver is twofold-natural and artificial. 

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