The Role of Phosphate

Palaghias, G. The Role of Phosphate and Carbonic Acid-bicarbonate Buffers in the Corrosion Processes of the Oral Cavity , Dental Materials, 1, 139-144 (1985)... 

Note particularly the role of phosphate transfer by kinases and particularly of c-NMPs, NDPs and NTPs... 

Gedulin, B. Arrhenius, G. Sources and Geochemical Evolution of RNA Precursor Molecules The role of phosphate in Early Life on Earth Bengtson, S., Ed. Columbia University Press New York, NY, 1994, pp 91-106. 

Santer M. 1959. The role of phosphate in thiosulfate oxidation by Thiobacillus thioparus. Biochim Biophys Res Commun 1 9-12. 

It is useful to examine metal phosphate geochemical principles and behaviour in perturbed natural systems to elucidate the role of phosphate in sequestering metals. Early research efforts... 

The observation that phosphate-free glycopeptides at low concentrations effectively inhibit the assimilation of 8-galacto-sidase by fibroblasts implies that details of the carbohydrate structure play a role in enzyme recognition by cells. The role of phosphate in the assimilation of lysosomal enzymes remains obscure. Conceivably, phosphate may lend additional specificity to the assimilation system, or perhaps it could play a role in events subsequent to the initial binding of the enzyme to the cell surface. 

This article is focused on HDN, the removal of nitrogen from compounds in oil fractions. Hydrodemetallization, the removal of nickel and vanadium, is not discussed, and HDS is discussed only as it is relevant to HDN. Section II is a discussion of HDN on sulfidic catalysts the emphasis is on the mechanisms of HDN and how nitrogen can be removed from specific molecules with the aid of sulfidic catalysts. Before the discussion of these mechanisms, Section II.A provides a brief description of the synthesis of the catalyst from the oxidic to the sulfidic form, followed by current ideas about the structure of the final, sulfidic catalyst and the catalytic sites. All this information is presented with the aim of improving our understanding of the catalytic mechanisms. Section II.B includes a discussion of HDN mechanisms on sulfidic catalysts to explain the reactions that take place in today s industrial HDN processes. Section II.C is a review of the role of phosphate and fluorine additives and current thinking about how they improve catalytic activity. Section II.D presents other possibilities for increasing the activity of the catalyst, such as by means of other transition-metal sulfides and the use of supports other than alumina. 

Recently, we can witness many discussions about the benefits and risks of the fluoride supplementation. Also the question of aluminum toxicity in men has been discussed. The understanding of the mechanisms of their synergistic action could allow us to explain numerous observations about the effects of increased load of fluoride and aluminum in the environment and to reevaluate their widespread use. Understanding the role of phosphate and G-proteins in cell signaling forces us to accept the fact that aluminum in the environment, water, and food chains followed by fluoride ions could evoke various and multiple pathological symptoms. 

In addition to the experiments described above, numerous studies were also carried out to elucidate the role of phosphate in pyrrolnitrin biosynthesis. Despite our efforts, the precise role of phosphate buffer has not been completely elucidated. However, this phenomenon prompted us to use phosphate-buffered medium to search for other novel compounds, which led to the discovery of the new antifungal compounds described in this chapter. 

The role of phosphates in biochemistry was foreshadowed by the use of phosphates as fertilizer the occurrance of phosphates in plants implied an important role of phosphates — or anyway of phosphorus — in the processes of life.fl)... 

For study of the role of phosphate groups for many enzymes the phosphamide derivatives with phosphorilic activity are using. Such N-methylimidazole derivatives have increased the reactability in relation to a number of nucleophiles, especially to amine, in which role they cannot act as functional aminoacid residuals of the active center of an enzyme or the site of the flavin bindings. ... 

Mechanism.—The role of phosphates especially is of interest since it shows that the fermentation proceeds by steps instead of immediately in the sense of the equation... 

Reconstitution experiments with apoferritins from animal and bacterial sources, whose native iron-loaded ferritins had crystalline and amorphous cores respectively, have been informative in showing that the core morphology is not determined by the protein shell. For example, Baaghil et al and Mann et al were able to form crystalline cores in bacterioferritins, and Rohrer et al formed cores of iron-phosphate in horse spleen ferritin with fewer short range Fe-Fe distances than in the native cores. Thus it appears that the composition of the medium within which the ferritin cores are laid down, particularly the phosphate content, influences strongly the nature of the core. This is consistent with the role of phosphate as an iron oxide chain terminator. 

The most recent studies of Sharon Kalia of H and P diffusion coefficients confirm the role of phosphate ion rotation in the conductivity process . The existence of extrinsic and intrinsic regions, however, has not been established with certainty, which leaves the discussion about the effective mechanism open. 

Barker HA and Lipmann F (1949) The role of phosphate in the metabolism of Propionibacterium pentosaceum. JBiol Chem 179 247-257 Barksdale L (1970) Corynebacterium diphtheria and its relatives. Bacteriol Rev 34 378-422 Battersby AR (1985) Biosynthesis of the pigments of hfe. Proc R Soc Lond B 225 1-26 Battersby AR (1994) How nature builds the pigments of life the conquest of vitamin B. Science 264 1551-1557... 

Lardy, H. A. (1952). The role of phosphate in metabolic control mechanisms. Jlu Biidogy of Phosphorus, Wolterink, L. F. (Editor) Michigan State College Press, 131-147. 

Describe how the kidney can excrete large amounts of acid or alkali without producing urine whose pH varies outside the limits of 4.5 to 7.8. Include the role of phosphates and of ammonium. 

Bloch, K., Snoke, J. E. and Yarnari, S. (1952) The role of phosphate in amino acid and protein metabolism. In Phosphorus Metabolism (W. D. McElroy and B. Glass, eds.) Vol. II, p. 82, Johns-Hopkins Press, Baltimore, Md. 

The pathways for construction of the major classes of macromolecules of the cell and the synthetic enzymes which catalyze their formation were largely unknown until the fourth and Mh decades of this century. In those early years Cori, Lipmann, ICrebs and Ochoa in particular awakened the attention of Biochemistry to the role of phosphate bond ener in providing the driving force for the synthesis of complex and polymeric cellular constituents. 

Arrata et al. (1978) have examined human semen by NMR in an attempt to assess the role of phosphate esters in male fertility. The results suggested a relationship between GPC levels and sperm motility. On the other hand, the GPC level did not seem to be correlated with sperm viability. A number of new avenues of fertility research by P NMR were suggested by the preliminary observations. 

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