Role of phosphates

Palaghias, G. The Role of Phosphate and Carbonic Acid-bicarbonate Buffers in the Corrosion Processes of the Oral Cavity , Dental Materials, 1, 139-144 (1985)... 

Note particularly the role of phosphate transfer by kinases and particularly of c-NMPs, NDPs and NTPs... 

Jones DL (1998) Organic acids in the rhizosphere - a critical review. Plant Soil 205 25-44 Khan MS, Zaidi A, Wani PA (2007) Role of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms in sustainable agriculture - a review. Agron Sustain Dev 27 29 13... 

Gedulin, B. Arrhenius, G. Sources and Geochemical Evolution of RNA Precursor Molecules The role of phosphate in Early Life on Earth Bengtson, S., Ed. Columbia University Press New York, NY, 1994, pp 91-106. 

Santer M. 1959. The role of phosphate in thiosulfate oxidation by Thiobacillus thioparus. Biochim Biophys Res Commun 1 9-12. 

It is useful to examine metal phosphate geochemical principles and behaviour in perturbed natural systems to elucidate the role of phosphate in sequestering metals. Early research efforts... 

Lehninger, A.L., 1974, Role of phosphate and other proton-donating anions in respiration-coupled transport of Ca2+ by mitochondria, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, pp. 1520-1524 Lehninger, A.L., Carafoli, E., and Rossi, C. S., 1967, Energy-linked ion movements in mitochondrial systems, Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas. Mol. Biol. 29, pp. 259-320 Lemasters, J.J., Nieminen, A. L., Qian, T., Trost, L., Elmore, S. P., Nishimura, Y., Crowe, R. A., Cascio, W. E., Bradham, C. A., Brenner, D. A., and Herman, B., 1998, The mitochondrial permeability transition in cell death A common mechanism in necrosis, apoptosis and autophagy, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1366, pp. 177-196... 

Role of Phosphates Tims and Watts (1) showed that addition of phosphates to cooked meat protects agaTnst autoxidation. 

The observation that phosphate-free glycopeptides at low concentrations effectively inhibit the assimilation of 8-galacto-sidase by fibroblasts implies that details of the carbohydrate structure play a role in enzyme recognition by cells. The role of phosphate in the assimilation of lysosomal enzymes remains obscure. Conceivably, phosphate may lend additional specificity to the assimilation system, or perhaps it could play a role in events subsequent to the initial binding of the enzyme to the cell surface. 

This article describes a study on the catalytic role of phosphate in the Maillard reaction focussing on the first steps of the cascade of reactions, i.e. the conversion of the starting materials, monosaccharide and glycine, into the so-called Amadori Rearrangement Product (ARP). 

This article is focused on HDN, the removal of nitrogen from compounds in oil fractions. Hydrodemetallization, the removal of nickel and vanadium, is not discussed, and HDS is discussed only as it is relevant to HDN. Section II is a discussion of HDN on sulfidic catalysts the emphasis is on the mechanisms of HDN and how nitrogen can be removed from specific molecules with the aid of sulfidic catalysts. Before the discussion of these mechanisms, Section II.A provides a brief description of the synthesis of the catalyst from the oxidic to the sulfidic form, followed by current ideas about the structure of the final, sulfidic catalyst and the catalytic sites. All this information is presented with the aim of improving our understanding of the catalytic mechanisms. Section II.B includes a discussion of HDN mechanisms on sulfidic catalysts to explain the reactions that take place in today s industrial HDN processes. Section II.C is a review of the role of phosphate and fluorine additives and current thinking about how they improve catalytic activity. Section II.D presents other possibilities for increasing the activity of the catalyst, such as by means of other transition-metal sulfides and the use of supports other than alumina. 

N. N. Rao and A. Torriani (1988). Utilization by Escherichia colioi high-molecular-weight linear polyphosphate roles of phosphates and pore proteins. J. Bacteriol., 170, 5216-5223. 

Recently, we can witness many discussions about the benefits and risks of the fluoride supplementation. Also the question of aluminum toxicity in men has been discussed. The understanding of the mechanisms of their synergistic action could allow us to explain numerous observations about the effects of increased load of fluoride and aluminum in the environment and to reevaluate their widespread use. Understanding the role of phosphate and G-proteins in cell signaling forces us to accept the fact that aluminum in the environment, water, and food chains followed by fluoride ions could evoke various and multiple pathological symptoms. 

Hypophosphites and phosphates, e.g. calcium hypophosphite and glycerophosphate, are used in considerable quantities as patent medicines and in medicine generally as accessory foods. Acid phosphates are used extensively in baking powders and various manufactured foods. The phosphorus requirements of the animal body are stated on p. 4, and also the supply of the element in certain vegetable products, while the probable role of phosphates in some biological processes is indicated on p. 169. From their intimate connection with life it will be gathered that by far the most important use of phosphorus compounds is in the manufacture of fertilisers (see Chap. XV.). 

In addition to the experiments described above, numerous studies were also carried out to elucidate the role of phosphate in pyrrolnitrin biosynthesis. Despite our efforts, the precise role of phosphate buffer has not been completely elucidated. However, this phenomenon prompted us to use phosphate-buffered medium to search for other novel compounds, which led to the discovery of the new antifungal compounds described in this chapter. 

The important role of phosphate in the control of metabolite synthesis has been recognized for a number of years as reviewed by Weinberg (22). As with the cases of carbon and nitrogen sources, sensitivity to control by these substrates depends on the organism and the metabolite. Recently, Young et al. (19) overcame the... 

The role of phosphates in biochemistry was foreshadowed by the use of phosphates as fertilizer the occurrance of phosphates in plants implied an important role of phosphates — or anyway of phosphorus — in the processes of life.fl)... 

DNA. The most spectacular role of phosphates in life processes is as the central building block in nucleic acids. The non-scientific public — that is to say, almost everybody — is well acquainted with the concept that the genetic material is DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, but relatively few non-scientists know that DNA is a chain of diesters of phosphoric acid. Philip Handler told the story of a young man whom he met on an airplane, who told him that he knew all about nucleic acids, and really had only one question What is an add ... 

Role of Phosphate and Carboxylate Ions in Maillard Browning... 

For study of the role of phosphate groups for many enzymes the phosphamide derivatives with phosphorilic activity are using. Such N-methylimidazole derivatives have increased the reactability in relation to a number of nucleophiles, especially to amine, in which role they cannot act as functional aminoacid residuals of the active center of an enzyme or the site of the flavin bindings. ... 

Mechanism.—The role of phosphates especially is of interest since it shows that the fermentation proceeds by steps instead of immediately in the sense of the equation... 

A distinguishing feature of the substances listed previously is the presence or absence of a phosphate group or groups, again underscoring the prominent role of phosphates in life processes. As a point of departure, it may be noted that what are called nucleotides form the monomeric units of the polymers that comprise nucleic acids, and are thereby connected to the composition of DNA and RNA (Voet and Voet, 1995, pp. 795, 796). The loss of a phosphate group or groups yields what is called a nucleoside. 

Reconstitution experiments with apoferritins from animal and bacterial sources, whose native iron-loaded ferritins had crystalline and amorphous cores respectively, have been informative in showing that the core morphology is not determined by the protein shell. For example, Baaghil et al and Mann et al were able to form crystalline cores in bacterioferritins, and Rohrer et al formed cores of iron-phosphate in horse spleen ferritin with fewer short range Fe-Fe distances than in the native cores. Thus it appears that the composition of the medium within which the ferritin cores are laid down, particularly the phosphate content, influences strongly the nature of the core. This is consistent with the role of phosphate as an iron oxide chain terminator. 

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