The renal system

The compound should be rapidly cleared from the circulation, but not so quickly as to preclude complete extraction in the tissue of interest, to keep background radioactivity to a minimum. The excretion pathway should be preferentially via the renal system unless this obscures stmctures of interest. 

Routine gross and histopathological examinations revealed no treatment-related effects on the renal system of dogs exposed to 0.03, 0.1, or 0.3 mg/kg/day methyl parathion in the diet for 1 year (Suba 1981). Chronic dietary exposure to methyl parathion did not induce renal effects in mice fed... 

Most likely the major action of methylxanthines as adenosine antagonist is the reason for these effects on the renal system. 

All of the organ systems in the body, except the reproductive system, contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis (see Table 1.1). For example, the gastrointestinal tract digests foods to provide nutrients to the body. The respiratory system obtains oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide. The circulatory system transports all of these materials and others from one part of the body to another. The renal system eliminates wastes and plays a role in regulating blood volume and blood pressure. 

Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) is a peptide synthesized in the hypothalamus and secreted from the neurohypophysis of the pituitary gland. This substance plays an important role in the long-term regulation of blood pressure through its action on the kidney to increase reabsorption of water. The major stimulus for release of vasopressin is an increase in plasma osmolarity. The resulting reabsorption of water dilutes the plasma toward its normal value of 290 mOsM. This activity is discussed in more detail in Chapter 10 (the endocrine system) and Chapter 19 (the renal system). 

Along with the respiratory system, the renal system maintains acid-base balance by altering the excretion of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions in the urine. When the extracellular fluid becomes acidic and pH decreases, the... 

Sodium balance is achieved when salt intake is equal to salt output. The intake of salt in the average American diet (10 to 15 g/day) far exceeds what is required physiologically. Only about 0.5 g/day of salt is lost in sweat and feces. The remaining ingested salt must be excreted in the urine. The amount of sodium excreted by the renal system is determined by ... 

The answer is i. (Katzwng, p 984.) Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine is a nonspecific stimulant of the reticuloendothelial system. It is an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium fruvis that appears most effective in small, localized bladder tumors. This agent is approved for intravesicular use in bladder cancer. Adverse reactions are associated with the renal system, such as problems with urination, infection, and cystitis. 

The answer is a. (Hardman, pp 885-8870 Lovastatin should not be used in patients with severe liver disease. With routine use of lovastatin, serum transaminase values may rise, and in such patients the drug may be continued only with great caution. Lovastatin has also been associated with lenticular opacities, and slit-lamp studies should be done before and one year after the start of therapy There is no effect on the otic nerve. The drug is not toxic to the renal system, and reports of bone marrow depression are very rare There is a small incidence of myopathy, and levels of creatinine kinase should be measured when unexplained muscle pain occurs. Combination with cyclosporine or clofibrate has led to myopathy There is no danger in use with bile acid sequestrants. 

Lithium is an important element in many industries (Bach 1985). Lithium is used medically as a treatment for bipolar disorders (Schou 1988). Lithium toxicity, especially to the renal system, is problematical. Estimating systemic elemental mass balance, especially for patients receiving oral Li dosing, is important, and is one area in which Li isotope ratios are... 

The dose of aciclovir in patients with renal impairment should be reduced as aciclovir is eliminated by the renal system. Most penicillins are eliminated by the renal system and hence dose reduction of amoxicillin is required in cases of renal impairment. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs cause the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins involved in the maintenance of renal blood flow. This may precipitate acute renal insufficiency in patients with renal impairment. Furthermore non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs tend to cause water and sodium retention and hence aggrevate renal impairment. 

Severe pain in the loin lasting several hours and which is recurring requires referral to investigate underlying cause. One of the systems that need to be investigated is the renal system. Pain originating from kidney disorders and renal colic (renal calculi) initially presents with loin pain and may radiate to the back or spread downwards to the iliac fossa, suprapubic area and in males into the scrotum. 

This nephropathy has also been identified in male rats exposed to JP-5 by the oral route (see the discussion of Renal Effects in Section 2.2.2.2). This nephropathy does not appear to be induced by deodorized kerosene or diesel fuel, at least not under subchronic exposure conditions. No histopathological changes were noted in the renal system of rats or dogs exposed to up to 100 mg/m deodorized kerosene vapor for 13 weeks (Carpenter et al. 1976). No organ weight or histopathological changes of the renal system were... 

Renal lesions have been produced in mice by dermal application of JP-5 or marine diesel fuel. The inability to duplicate these lesions with intraperitoneal administration suggested that skin application, in particular the alteration of skin following repeated dermal application, was necessary to produce the renal toxicity, and that the renal effects appeared to be secondary to skin injury (Easley et al. 1982). Lymphocytic inflammation has been induced in the urinary bladder of mice with chronic dermal application of JP-5 or marine diesel fuel (NTP/NIH 1986). However, acute and intermediate dermal exposures to kerosene and JP-5, respectively, were not toxic to the renal system of mice (Upreti et al. 

Hydration -These drugs reach high concentrations in the renal system keep patients well hydrated to minimize chemical irritation of tubules. 

---