The Physical Level

On the physical level we are concerned with the exchange of sequential files between computers. The content of the sequential files is irrelevant on this level. 

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Basically, there are four major types of measures that are used in taste intensity measurements (a) threshold measures or estimates of the physical level at which the sensation of sweetness begins, (b) equal-sweetness matches between a sugar and other sweeteners, (c) category or rating scales, and (d) ratio scales. Each method has found its adherents and uses, and each possesses specific advantages and defects that indicate its use for one application, but contraindicate its use for another. These methods and their applications have been critically analyzed and reviewed, " " and it is, therefore, superfluous to deal with the topic here. 

My physical problems also are worsened because I don t feel my emotions very well, so I m working hard on that level too. I believe that any illness has an emotional component. The illness can either start at the emotional level and cause physical problems, or start at the physical level and cause emotional distress. I don t think it really matters where it started, in order to heal you have to work on every level. I m so cut off from my emotions because that s what I ve had to do to survive what I ve gone through. Now I m learning to allow myself to feel my feelings even when they re painful. 

When the communication comes to an end, give thanks for what has been received and bid the Companions farewell. Rise from the table and return to the physical level. Absorb the table and complete the sealing practice as before. 

Finally, I wish to touch on the broader area of psychological and social approaches. We have instances where farmers have no complaints when they maintain slurry spreaders in a clean condition, and people do not, presumably, identify what is happening with smell. Equally, people have become so sensitised that they complain when water is put onto fields from a slurry spreader. More broadly, people will be more likely to complain about someone they dislike and tolerate unpleasant smells caused by someone who is generally liked, although at the physical level farmers should do all they can to keep smells down to a minimum, we know how intractable the problem is at that level at present. Let us not ignore other ways of helping farmers deal with the problem, even if these ways ar not very scientific. 

The theory elaborated in the wake of the experiment at La Chorrera doesn t deny any body of knowledge it augments. There is an argument for it on the physical level, though the idea is very complicated, touching as it does on areas involving quantum physics, submolecular biology, and the DNA structure. These notions are... 

At the physical level, the Warrior corisciousness includes self-defence, a willingness and an ability to fight to defend oneself. 

Let us take up again the question of symmetry which was discussed earlier in the present article. The notion that the physical may be dependent upon the chemical may seem unusual to those who are unfamiliar with these philosophical arguments. It is after all taken as a foregone conclusion in physics and chemistry that the dependence works in one direction only, namely that matters at the physical level determine what happens at the chemical level and not vice versa. But it is precisely this question, which is being challenged when we begin to ask the philosophical questions about reduction and dependence of levels. 

Between creating each pattern our spark of consciousness must wait almost a eternity for this to be manifested on the physical level. Perhaps this may account for the sense we all have sometimes of taking an enormous leap in consciousness, or travelling though vast realms of ideas, or flashes of images, in what is only a fleeting moment. 

The leveling off point in Figure 6 has been found by others and has been characterized at the physical level as the limit of acceptable strength. (39) Leveling off has been explained as the end... 

The alchemical process seeks to fan this fire..."carefully, with great judgment and skill." In laboratory alchemy, the Three Essentials of Body, Soul, and Spirit are most important because they provide us a means of manipulating the elements. Many alchemists indicate that the Primal Elements are too subtle even for the most skilled artist and that only Nature can work at that level. The Three Essentials are the fruit of the Elements, which Man can manipulate even at the physical level. 

The three philosophical essentials are mirrored even to the physical level, and manifested through particular forms which are harmonious to their nature. The Practical Alchemist seeks to physically separate these three essentials from a substance, purify them, and recombine them—a process termed Spagyrics by Paracelsus. The word Spagyric (pronounced "spa jeer ik") is derived from the Greek words meaning "to separate and reunite."... 

The effects of the Stone are quite powerful, both at the physical level and at the energetic level. Like the Ens Tinctures, the Vegetable Stone is held to possess an initiatic virtue that can bring an awareness of Nature s operations by opening the subtle energy flow... 

The Physical Level contains all the nuts and bolts of the formulation domain in a number of information sources, including a database. The Physical Level is accessed from the Task Level via a query interface. The physical net contains the domain knowledge in a number of objects. An object consists of a set of attributes, each of which may have zero or more values. The objects are arranged in a classification hierarchy. Subobjects, which descend from another object, inherit their attributes and values. 

Aecepting nonreductive materialism gets us what we want and need out of a theory of mental causation. We can have sufficient causation at the physical level and causation in virtue of irreducible mental properties, without any sort of problematic overdetermination. We can account for both the multiple realizability and the context dependence of many mental properties. And we can account for why mental explanations often seem to offer us better predictive and explanatory power than lower level physical ones. Mental explanations work because menial properties are causal properties. 

So far the discussion has focused on safety versus reliability at the physical level. But what about the social and organizational levels above the physical system Are safety and reliability the same here as implied by High Reliability Organization (HRO) advocates who suggest that High Reliability Organizations (HROs) will be safe The answer, again, is no [124]. 

In the following analysis, the basic failures and dysfunctional interactions leading to the loss at the physical level are identified first. Then each level of the hierarchical safety control structure is considered in turn, starting from the bottom. 

The teeth play an important part in human health, both physical and psychological [1,2]. At the physical level, they are essential in the mastication of food, with different teeth having different structures, which reflect their specialized purpose within the cycle of mastication of food. On the psychological level, the appearance of the teeth influences how individuals perceive themselves. People with missing or damaged teeth are typically self-conscious and may show lack of confidence or other signs of distress about their appearance [3],... 

On the physical level, the manufacturing and assembly systems have to be reconfigurable (RMS and RAS), and the factory with its technical infrastructure including building should be transformable (TRF). The logical level is necessary to operate a factory and calls for process planning systems able to react to changes in the... 

This type of approach has been actively developed and extended by Kell, and the essential difference between these two main lines of reasoning is outlined in Figure 3. At the physical level the difference between the two models rests in the kinetics of the processes involved, and to a major extent depends on whether pathways exist which facilitate larger proton mobilities than can occur in bulk water. This aspect is given particular attention in this chapter, and it is concluded that membrane associated pathways for the rapid translocation of protons is a feasible concept. If local proton coupling does occur, rather than via the bulk aqueous phases on either side of the membrane, then the experimentally determined (bulk phase) values for the membrane potential and proton-motive force could significantly underestimate the true driving force for ATP synthesis. 

Since the view I m proposing meets both characteristics of emergence, and is made possible by the existence of functional properties, I will call it functional emergence. The use of the term emergence is appropriate because the existence of functional properties in chemistry supports the layered view of the world characteristic of emergentism. The sui generis chemical properties, laws and explanations function at a higher level than the physical properties, laws and explanations they depend on the physical level, but they do not reduce to it. 

The first level is the physical level. An accident can be evaluated by comparing, e.g., the impact speed or the kinetic energy at the moment of collision. For a non-accident event, e.g., minimum distances or minimum TTC can used as safety... 

The second view is macroscopic. In case more than one event is evaluated, an aggregation of the single events is possible in order to assess the overall effects. If the sample under investigation happens to contain accident and non-accident events, an accident rate or prevention rate can be calculated as ratio of frequency of accidents (or one minus accidents) with a measure by frequency of accidents without the measure. Summary statistics can also be computed in non-accident events by statistically evaluating the indicators defined on the physical level. In comparison to a baseline without measure the change due to a specific safety measure can be evaluated at the desired level of detail. Within the accident group, rates for specific injury severities as well as a fatality rate can be estimated. 

The physical level supports protection against unauthorized access, addressing of the wrong recipient or physical loss of all (not only CAD) user data which leave... 

As discussed above, the Physical System Level comprises the physical sub-systems implemented typically in equipment (hardware and software), people (operational and maintenance) and procedures (operational and maintenance). It is at the physical level that the satisfaction of the safety requirements is demonstrated, possibly via further stages of safety requirements decomposition. 

Broadly, what is required is a pragmatic approach to the application of HF methods and techniques for human safety requirements specification at the Logical Level and the demonstration of satisfaction of human safety requirements at the Physical Level. Figure 8 shows different HF analyses that can be undertaken for the specification of human safety requirements (function, performance and integrity) and the realisation of those requirements and their contribution (both success and failure) to safety assurance typically provided by a system safety case. 

The physical level is where our actions and behaviors take place and is observable. 

The explication of reduction proposed above sheds light onto the notion of a scientific level in a reductive hierarchy. Levels turn out to be concepmal levels, or levels of kinds of property structures. The physical level is distinct from the mental level in a reductive hierarchy because the former employs physical property structures, i.e. structures that present us with an object as physical, whereas the latter employs mental property structures that present us with an object as mental. This is... 

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