The Conventional Setup

XPS instruments have been commercially available for several decades. Obviously, significant developments have been made to the instrumentahon since the technique was introduced, and we will only briefly describe the currently available standard equipment. Major manufacturers in this area include JEOL, Kratos, Omicron, PHI, Scienta, SPECS and Thermo VG. 

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Table 1 lists the obtained optimisation results for the process schemes in Fig. 3. As expected, the conventional setup a) is a feasible option. It performs somewhat better for the strongly adsorbed component B. The reason is that for producing A, the recycle load is higher due to the strongly diluted stream of B at the extract port. 

The small deviations are probably caused by small differences in the temperature measurement in the parallel and the conventional cell. If one uses published extinction coefficients, the concentration of acidic sites determined with the parallel and the conventional setup agreed within a few percent. 

Most flatteners or levelers have a four-high configuration that is, they have an upper and lower set of work rolls and an upper and lower set of backup rollers—four levels of rolls, two on the top and two on the bottom (Fig. 29). This is the conventional setup. It is also the simplest and easiest to maintain. 

Figures 5(a) shows a schematic of the experimental setup for the flipping rotation mode in oblique angle sputter deposition. The rotational axis is in the substrate plane and parallel to the substrate plane. The rotational axis is also perpendicular to the incident flux direction. This means the angle between the axis of rotation and the direction of incident flux on the substrate is fixed at 90° The curved arrow represents the rotation direction. Therefore, the incident flux angle a(t) changes as the substrate rotates in a flipping mode. This is in contrast to the conventional setup shown in Fig. 5(b) where the axis of rotation is perpendicular to the substrate plane and the flux incident angle is fixed as the substrate rotates. Two samples can be placed on each side of the substrate holder in the flipping rotation mode whereas only one sample can be placed on the substrate holder in the conventional rotation mode.

The basic experimental setup for etNOESY is practically identical to the conventional NOESY experiment shown in Eig. 9.2(B). For suppression of residual receptor signals a relaxation filter can be introduced and the mixing time has to be corrected according to the scaling factor a. 

In a series of controlled experiments, Dosi et al. used the conversion of glucose to lactic acid as a model for the potential of controlling (automatically by computer) the concentrations of the constituents.45 Nice schematics for the reactor setup and connections to the computer/NIR spectrometer/microhltration unit, etc., are shown. Six cases are described, each using a conventional batch process. Transition from batch mode to automatic was triggered by predefined criteria such as degree of substrate conversion or biomass concentration. Control charts and comparisons of NIR data with conventional assays are given for all six cases. 

Previous studies in conventional reactor setups at Philip Morris USA have demonstrated the significant effectiveness of nanoparticle iron oxide on the oxidation of carbon monoxide when compared to the conventional, micron-sized iron oxide, " as well as its effect on the combustion and pyrolysis of biomass and biomass model compounds.These effects are derived from a higher reactivity of nanoparticles that are attributed to a higher BET surface area as well as the coordination of unsaturated sites on the surfaces. The chemical and electronic properties of nanoparticle iron oxide could also contribute to its higher reactivity. In this work, we present the possibility of using nanoparticle iron oxide as a catalyst for the decomposition of phenolic compounds. 

Seven ANL-PCS (Argonne National Laboratory - Premium Coal Sample) coals were analyzed by Py-FIMS in time resolved (TR) mode. Conventional characterization data on ANL-PCS coals have been described elsewhere (11). About 100 pg of -100 mesh coal were transferred into a quartz crucible and introduced into the high vacuum (10 Pa) of the ion source (200 C). The instrumental setup using a Finnigan... 

When a conventional column is used as a first-dimensional column, two different LCxLC configurations may be used, with either two trapping columns or fast secondary columns in parallel rather than storage loops. In the former setup, each fraction from the first dimension is trapped alternatively on one of the two trapping columns. At the same time, the compounds retained from the previous fraction on the other trapping column are back-flushed onto the analytical column for second-dimension analysis. In the latter setup, a fraction from the first-dimension column is trapped alternatively at the head of one of the two columns during the loading step in a one-column... 

The effect of the dwell volume on the retention times of analytes increases with decreasing retention factor at the start of gradient elution and with increasing ratio VpIV, and becomes very significant in the instrumental setup with the dwell volume comparable to or larger than the column hold-up volume, which is more likely to occur in micro- or in capillary LC than in conventional analytical LC (see Figure 5.4) [12]. 

An alternate method for cyclizing ae./i-dihalobutanes is to use a controlled potential electrolytic reduction. 10 12 This method appears to be superior to the conventional reductive cyclization of 1,4-dihalobutanes with metals. Dibromides generally give better results than dichlorides in an aprotic solvent such as dimethylformamide or acetonitrile. Thus, a DC voltage of 1.8-3.0 V was applied for 6 hours to a solution of 1,4-dibromobutane (50 g) in dimethylformamide (1 L) in a cell consisting of a mercury cathode and a nichrome anode, to give cyclobutane and butane in 25 and 75 % yield, respectively.10,11 The experimental setup has been described in a detailed procedure.12... 

The conventional flash photolysis setup to study photochemical reactions was drastically improved with the introduction of the pulsed laser in 1970 [17], Soon, nanosecond time resolution was achieved [13], However, the possibility to study processes faster than diffusion, happening in less than 10 10 s, was only attainable with picosecond spectroscopy. This technique has been applied since the 1980s as a routine method. There are reviews covering the special aspects of interest of their authors on this topic by Rentzepis [14a], Mataga [14b], Scaiano [18], and Peters [14c],... 

It is worth comparing these locally obtained values with the effective conductivity creff of the same sample measured in a conventional setup. A measurement with macrosopic electrodes yields one semicircle in the complex impedance plane and an effective conductivity of 42 10 9 ft 1 cm-1. According to the brick layer model for... 

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