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Loading step

The loading steps were created by prestraining the bolts. Comparison of the different investigating methods was executed at the various loading steps for the given bolts. [Pg.7]

Most commercial adsorbents for gas-phase appHcations are employed in the form of pellets, beads, or other granular shapes, typically about 1.5 to 3.2 mm in diameter. Most commonly, these adsorbents are packed into fixed beds through which the gaseous feed mixtures are passed. Normally, the process is conducted in a cycHc manner. When the capacity of the bed is exhausted, the feed flow is stopped to terminate the loading step of the process, the bed is treated to remove the adsorbed molecules in a separate regeneration step, and the cycle is then repeated. [Pg.269]

Load step response of a ihree-CSTR system with Ziegler-Nidiols and f = 0.316 controller settings. [Pg.366]

When a conventional column is used as a first-dimensional column, two different LCxLC configurations may be used, with either two trapping columns or fast secondary columns in parallel rather than storage loops. In the former setup, each fraction from the first dimension is trapped alternatively on one of the two trapping columns. At the same time, the compounds retained from the previous fraction on the other trapping column are back-flushed onto the analytical column for second-dimension analysis. In the latter setup, a fraction from the first-dimension column is trapped alternatively at the head of one of the two columns during the loading step in a one-column... [Pg.107]

Figure 36.7. Example of Immusoft window appearing in the Analysis menu during the processing of the fluidic steps of an assay. The figure shows the electrochemical monitoring of the fluid flux within the microchannels obtained during the 30 loading steps of the microchannel coating procedure chosen for alkaline phosphatase assays. Figure 36.7. Example of Immusoft window appearing in the Analysis menu during the processing of the fluidic steps of an assay. The figure shows the electrochemical monitoring of the fluid flux within the microchannels obtained during the 30 loading steps of the microchannel coating procedure chosen for alkaline phosphatase assays.
In order to show the effect, TPG model has been used to re-simulate the 15 kW load step decrease with a 1% turbine efficiency increase. Figure 8.20 shows a slight increase in the amplitude of the rotational speed transient behavior. However, as with the NETL model, the frequency is not much affected. Therefore, it is likely that some of the amplitude error from the NETL model comes from performance map. It is also possible that some of the difference comes from a different heat transfer model for the NETL post-combustor, V 304. [Pg.264]

At this point, I came into the picture. Together, we repeated the loading steps to the point where the sample was on the C18 SFE (Fig. 12.1a). Going back to the gradient run (Fig. 12.1b), we see that the sample peak came off at 50% acetonitrile. We decided to change the recovery step off the SFE cartridge. First, we washed the loaded cartridge with 2mL of 30% acetonitrile... [Pg.148]

Move suppression factor, shift in target value Load step change Time step... [Pg.4]

FIGURE 4.8 Experiments and numerical modeling of sample introduction using the double cross-injection system during (a) loading steps and (b) dispensing steps. Reprinted with permission from the American Chemical Society [109]. [Pg.111]

FIGURE 6.23 Electrochromatogram of fluorescein (first) and BODIPY (second), showing different steps of the separation step 1, 100-s loading step 2, 30-s buffer flush step 3, an isocratic elution from the 200-pm-long column with a 30% acetonitrile/70% 50-mM ammonium acetate mobile phase [639]. Reprinted with permission from the American Chemical Society. [Pg.164]

For the modification of silica with aminosilanes, the liquid phase procedure is usually applied. Only few studies have described the vapour phase APTS modification.6,7 The modification proceeds in three steps, (i) A thermal pretreatment of the silica determines the degree of hydration and hydroxylation of the surface, (ii) In the loading step, the pretreated substrate is stirred with the silane in the appropriate solvent, (iii) Curing of the coating is accomplished in a thermal treatment. On industrial scale ethanol/water is used as a solvent, on lab-scale an organic solvent is used. The reasons for this discrepancy is the increased control on the reaction processes, possible in an organic solvent. This will be clarified by the discussion of the modification mechanism in aqueous solvent and the effect of water in the different modification steps. [Pg.195]

A correlation of data from literature is often hampered by the use of different reaction parameters or silica types. Therefore, a clear survey of the effect of parameters related to reaction conditions and substrate structure is given. Furthermore, a full description of the modification mechanism is only possible if the processes occurring in the loading step and the curing step are discussed separately. The study of each of these steps requires dedicated analytical procedures. For the study of the loading step, most analyses are performed on the silane/solvent mixture, while spectroscopic analyses are performed on the modified substrate after drying and curing. [Pg.195]

The effect of solvent type and aminosilane concentration has been evaluated. The third component in the reaction system is the silica substrate. The surface of the silica gel carries the active sites for adsorption. The concentration of these sites varies with varying silica type, its specific surface area and pretreatment temperature. Additionally, surface adsorbed water has a clear effect on the reaction mechanism. Isotherm data, reported in the previous paragraph, only accounted for fully hydrated or fully dehydrated silica. The effect of the available surface area and silanol number remains to be assessed. Information on these parameters allows the correlation of data from studies in which different silica types have been used. In this part the effect of these parameters in the loading step is discussed. Silica structural effects on the ultimate coating, after curing, are evaluated in the next paragraph. [Pg.219]

After setting up a calibration curve (r = 0.996), unknown aminosilane concentrations in toluene solvent could be quantified. The total deposited amount of APTS was calculated from analysis of the residual amount of aminosilane in the solvent. Analysis was performed after two hours of reaction and consecutive filtration under ambient atmosphere. 150 /d aliquots of the salicylic aldehyde and the diethylether were added to 10 ml samples of the filtrate. Absorbance was measured one hour after the ether addition. The calculated loading value yields the total surface loading, including chemical and physical deposition, in the loading step. [Pg.220]

Concerning substrate topology, three factors are of interest in the study of the aminosilane modification surface hydration/hydroxylation, specific surface area and the mean pore size of the substrate. Comparative data on the effect of these parameters in the loading step have not been published, until recently.28... [Pg.220]

Summarizing we may state that, as adsorption isotherms revealed the formation of an equilibrium in the initial stage of the reaction, total loading data after two hours of reaction and filtration reveal that specific surface area and mean pore size are the controlling parameters in the loading step. Surface water causes hydrolysis and polymerization. On a dehydrated surface, a surface coverage irrespective of the number of hydroxyls is formed. For silica dehydroxylated at elevated temperature (1073 K) a different behaviour is observed, suggesting the participation of strained siloxanes. [Pg.225]

In analogy to the discussion of the loading step processes, both the processes occurring in the curing step and the effect of substrate structure on these processes will be discussed. Whereas the study of the loading step processes involved analysis of the solvent, here the modified substrate is studied. For this, various spectroscopic techniques are applied. The discussion is focused on the silicon side of the aminosilane molecule. The interactions at the amine side will be discussed in the next paragraph. [Pg.226]


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Load stepping test

Single step loading

Step Load Response Graphs

Step load change

Step load change variations)

Step load testing

Steps for Generating Wire Load Models

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