Textile fibres, additives

It should be understood that the reported practices of polymer/additive analysis, being the focus of this book, equally well apply to additive analysis of rubbers, textile fibres, surface coatings, paints, resins, adhesives, paper and food, but specific product knowledge gives the edge. Both fresh and aged materials may be analysed, as well as those of both industrial and forensic origin. 

Fluorescence is not useful simply for chemical analysis. For example, a fluorescent additive that sticks to textile fibres is added to laundry soap. This compound absorbs solar radiation in the non-visible part of the spectrum and re-emits at longer wavelengths in the blue spectral region, which makes clothing appear whiter. Another application of fluorescence encountered daily is cathode tube lighting. The internal walls of these tubes are covered with mineral salts (luminophores) that emit in the visible region due to excitation by electrons. 

The initial drive for acrylonitrile (AN) production (6.2 Mt/a in 2004 worldwide) was the discovery, in the late 1930s, of the synthetic rubber Buna N. Today nitrile rubbers represent only a minor outlet for AN which is utilized primarily for polymerization to give textile fibres (50%) and ABS resins (24%), and for dimerization to adiponitrile (10%). Early industrial processes depended on the addition of hydrogen cyanide to acetylene or to ethylene oxide, followed by the dehydration of intermediate ethylene cyanohydrin. Both processes are obsolete and are now supplanted by the ammoxidation of propylene (Equation 34) introduced in 1960 by Standard Oil of Indiana (Sohio). The reason for the success stems from the effectiveness of the catalyst and because propylene,... 

The different behaviour of various textile fibres in dyeing may be explained by an assumption of different solvent power thus, silk dyes more readily than other fibres because the fibroin has a greater solvent power. Keratine again, the principle of the wool fibre, possesses a greater solvent power than cellulose, which is only capable of attracting and holding in solution a few dyestuffs, such as the tetrazo-dyes of the benzidine series, and in certain cases in this class the solvent power of the water in the dye-bath has to be decreased by addition of salt. 

In addition to familiar materials, microfibres made from different polymers offer innovative new functional textiles. Fibres or textiles finished to provide antimicrobial or temperature control properties also open new... 

Bis(2-chloroethyl)vinylphosphonate, CH CH P(0)(0CH2CH2C1)2 can be used to form emulsion copolymers with vinyl halides, or it may be used on its own and mechanically incorporated into textile fibres. Compound (12.212a) when dispersed in rayon is an effective retardant additive [44], while (12.212b), when copolymerised with a suitable monomer, will act as an intumescent flame retardant. 

Additional information on fracture of fibres hierarchically. structured appears in the paper by Viney and in the paper by Hearle ( Fracture of Common Textile Fibres ). 

In addition to solution-spun textile fibres, granular breaks are also found in some carbon fibres, which reflect their acrylic fibre origin, and in alumina fibres. Granular breaks are also shown in the natural fibres, wool and hair, in cotton at zero moisture content, and in resin-treated, cross-linked cotton at intermediate humidities. 

Degradation Behaviour. The melt-phase polymerization and processing of polyesters together with their application as textile fibres has led to interest in their thermal and thermal oxidative stability and their fiammability and its inhibition. Papers have been produced recently on the effects of additives on the d radation behaviour of 2GT and the mechanism of degradation. 

Business and brand growth for the future will come from increasing Tencel s menswear market share and also in further developments within home textiles. In addition, special finishes and processing routes will enable Tencel to work with a broader supply chain and expand its own capabilities into new sectors. Strategically, the company believes that Tencel will be one of the most trusted fibres of the future as it continually reinforces the importance of sustainability and its natural roots. Link these benefits to the ultimate... 

There are two types of aramid (fully aromatic polyamide) fibre those with high thermal stability and flame resistant properties but mechanical properties similar to those of standard textile fibres such as polyester, sometimes referred to as meta-aramid fibres because the main commercial products are of this chemical structure the others with additionally exceptionally high tensile strength and modulus, sometimes referred to as para-aramid fibres on similar grounds. The former type is not widely used in composite structures, but some of the most important uses of the latter lie in this area. 

Miscellaneous uses include textile bobbins, guns for hot melt adhesives and bilge pump housings. These materials are normally found in reinforced form. In addition to glass fibres, other fillers such as glass beads, talc and mica are used in conjunction with coupling agents. 

Soxtherm can be used for a variety of substrates, such as plasticisers, and additives in plastics and rubber, fibre and textile coatings, colorants on textiles, fat in food, oils and lubricants, fertiliser coatings, etc. Specific reports are scarce. EPA method 3541 has adopted automated Soxhlet extraction [151]. 

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