Textile experiments

Table 3 gives the main characteristics for treated wastewater of types I—IV. When purified in the treatment, types II anil III have been used — by way of textile experiments on commercial scale — in dyeing and printing polyester knits and in afterprint clearing of the knits. When inspected in quality, the dyed and printed knitted fabrics have been found comparable to those processed with standard technological water. 

The agitation studies for PET depolymerization were performed in the Atlas Launder-ometer. The Launder-ometer is a device for rotating closed containers in a thermostatically controlled water bath. The procedure used in these experiments was adapted from an American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) standard test method. The 5% sodium hydroxide solution (250 mL) was preheated to 80°C in a 1-pint stainless steel jar. The catalysts were added in the following amounts in separate experiments TOMAC (0.04 g, 0.0001 mol) TOMAB (0.045 g, 0.0001 mol) and HTMAB (0.045 g, 0.0001 mol). The PET fiber specimens (1.98 g, 0.01 mol) were placed in the containers along with ten -in. stainless steel balls to aid in the agitation process. The jars were sealed in the Launder-ometer, whose bath was at the desired temperature (80°C). The machine was allowed to run for the allowed treatment times (i.e., 30, 60, 90, 150, and 240 min) at 42 rpm. Upon decanting, any residual fibers... 

Thus, given the demands of the textile industry, a well-trained young chemist like Perkin would have been alive to the dyeing possibilities in a beautiful purple solution. After experimenting with the solution on silk, Perkin realized he had discovered a process for transforming the chemicals in coal tar into a colorfast purple dye. 

PBDEs are a class of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) used in textiles, plastics and electronic products. The effects of BFRs are associated with three commercial mixtures of PBDEs decaBDE, octaBDE and pentaBDE. In laboratory animal experiments, the toxicity of PBDEs was linked to damage to liver function and,... 

The decolorization of mono-azo textile dye Astrazon Red dye by free pellets and immobilized on activated carbon of Funalia trogii ATCC200800 was studied [52], The decolorization efficiency of the immobilized pellets after 10 days of operation was found higher (88%) compared with the results of a similar experiment with free... 

Different degrees of dyeability of staple fibers and filaments for textile applications seriously affect the constancy of product quality. This phenomenon has become more or less a matter of industrial production experience. Only a few... 

Meanwhile, the Agency has been administering enforcement of the standard since March 27, 1980(13). Textile mills have been attempting to meet the various transitional steps required by the standard under the watchful eyes of the OSHA regional administrators and state OSHA plan administrators. This enforcement experience has revealed shortcomings in the standard difficult, if not Impossible, to enforce. These defects are itemized briefly below in two basic categories. 

CAM or PCAM equipment may be used for the rapid and accurate determination of atomizer solids contributions to textile workplace dust levels. Experience with low solids water provided by both reverse osmosis and deionizer equipment is described. In certain cases, these determinations may be made in less than one day and sometimes even without the use of low solids water equipment. 

Consistent with this observation is the fact, perhaps, that in the British experience, to date, chronic bronchitis is not compensable under the jurisdiction of the byssinosls scheme. The British Ministry of Pensions has Issued a statement denying occupational significance to chronic bronchitis occurring in textile workers (18). 

Although it is generally accepted that mortality data are not sensitive indicators of morbidity factors, a consistent or significant effect of cotton exposure on health should display some manifestations in mortality indices. This is certainly not the case for textile workers. To date, every effort devoted to the identification of a measurable Influence of textile work on the mortality of its own operatives has failed to show any effect (35-38). Paradoxically, one of these surveys has concluded that more favorable mortality experience appears to characterize textile workers (38). 

As early as 1788, Thomas Henry prepared a bleaching liquor from lime and chlorine, and it became a common practice among bleachers to economize by substituting lime for the more expensive pearlash from wood ashes (123). In 1795 the Hungarian botanist and chemist Paul Kitaibel distilled a mixture of salt, pyrolusite, and sulfuric acid, and passed the liberated chlorine ( oxygenated acid of salt ) into limewater. He made many experiments with solid bleaching powder, and used it to bleach textiles and wax (125). 

Chemistry s impact on modem society is most readily perceived in the creation of materials, be they foods, textiles, circuit boards, fuels, drugs, packaging, etc. Thus, even the most ardent theoretician would be unlikely to suggest that theory could ever supplant experiment. Rather, most would opine that opportunities exist for combining theory with experiment so as to take advantage of synergies between them. 

McAdams E.T., McLaughlin J, Anderson J McC., Wearable and implantable monitoring systems 10 years experience at University of Ulster Proc. Wearable Electronic and Smart Textiles Confi, Leeds, UK, 2004. 

For the experiments described in this chapter, use was made of textile electrodes of stainless steel instead of palladium sheets, which were used for the characterisation of the electrochemical cell. The aim of this section is to investigate the behaviour of these textile electrodes in the electrochemical cell and to compare the results obtained with those described in section... 

Similar to the experiments carried out at palladium electrodes and described in Chapter3, the concentration of electrolyte (c), the electrode surface area (A) and the distance between the electrodes (d) will be studied as a function of type of textile structure. In this work, three structures will be studied knitted, woven and non-woven textile structures, all obtained from stainless-steel fibres. To complete the data of this work, palladium sheets will also be inserted in the study as a fourth set of electrodes. Therefore, for palladium electrodes, the work described in section 9.2 will actually be repeated here in order to have a direct comparison between results obtained with palladium electrodes and textile electrodes. Of course, correlation with the data obtained in section 9.2 will be verified. 

The availability of an inert electrolyte is of the utmost importance for the development of a quality-control system for textile electrodes. In such a system, it is the aim to test the quality of textile electrodes therefore the condition and properties of the electrode should not be changed or influenced during this quality-control experiment. This condition cannot be fulfilled by using NaCl as electrolyte solution, because during the quality testing, the chloride will affect the properties of the textile electrode tested. 

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