Textile chemical properties

H.L. Traub, Synthesis and Textile Chemical Properties of Polytrimethyleneterephthalate, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany, 1994. [PhD thesis]... 

Fibers. The principal type of phenoHc fiber is the novoloid fiber (98). The term novoloid designates a content of at least 85 wt % of a cross-linked novolak. Novoloid fibers are sold under the trademark Kynol, and Nippon Kynol and American Kynol are exclusive Hcensees. Novoloid fibers are made by acid-cataly2ed cross-linking of melt-spun novolak resin to form a fuUy cross-linked amorphous network. The fibers are infusible and insoluble, and possess physical and chemical properties that distinguish them from other fibers. AppHcations include a variety of flame- and chemical-resistant textiles and papers as weU as composites, gaskets, and friction materials. In addition, they are precursors for carbon fibers. 

Textile finishing includes various efforts to improve the properties of textile fabrics, whether for apparel, home, or other end uses. In particular, these processes are directed toward modifying either the fiber characteristics themselves or the gross textile end properties. Such modifications may be chemical or mechanical in nature. One modification that is not covered in this article relates to the dyeing of textiles and the dyestuffs employed for fibers however, areas that involve chemical finishing designed to modify the normal dye receptivity and the growing use of enzyme treatments are included. 

HBCD is a brominated aliphatic cyclic hydrocarbon used as a flame retardant in thermal insulation building materials, upholstery textiles, and electronics. In 2001, the world market demand for HBCD was 16,700 tons, from which 9,500 tons was sold in the EU. These figures make HBCD the second highest volume BFR used in Europe [29], HBCD may be used as an alternative for PBDEs in some applications. To date, there are no restrictions on the production or use of HBCD. As a result of their widespread use and their physical and chemical properties, HBCD are now ubiquitous contaminants in the environment and humans [30, 31]. 

The process of risk evaluation for personnel working with dyes and textile chemicals has been discussed in detail [69]. The more extensive the database covering toxicological, physical, chemical and application properties of the product, the easier it is to assess the risks involved. 

DTDMAC was the first widely used cationic surfactant produced at the industrial scale since the 1960s. Its main application was as a fabric softening active agent. Due to its physico-chemical properties, largely determined by the positively charged head group and the long alkyl chains, it adsorbs onto fabrics and makes textiles feel soft. 

Matthews H.R. Mauersberger, Textile Fibers Their Physical, Microscopical and Chemical Properties , J. Wiley, NY (1947)... 

Many textile products combine the advantageous physical and chemical properties of two or more fibers (synthetic or natural). Careful preblending iterations arc usually required... 

Chromium compounds, mostly in chromium(III) or chromium(VT) forms, produced by the chemical industry are used for chrome plating, the manufacture of dyes and pigments, leather tanning, and wood preserving. Smaller amounts are used in drilling muds, rust and corrosion inhibitors, textiles, and toner for copying machines. For more information on the physical and chemical properties and on the production and use of chromium, see Chapters 3 and 4. 

The mechanical, physical, and chemical properties of degraded ancient cotton textiles were partially characterized in Part I (1). An... 

During this period, there was a limited amount of cooperative industrial R D under rather special circumstances. For example, the chemical and petroleum industry agreed to support development of the thermophysical and chemical properties of materials at several universities. Some regulated industries also supported joint R D in such institutions as the Institute of Gas Technology at the Illinois Institute of Technology and in the Electric Power Research Institute. A few traditional sectors whose firms had little or no indigenous R D capability also supported joint R D efforts, as in the textile and pulp and paper industries. 

The chemicals may constitute a substantial portion of the finished textile. In many cases 10% or more of the fabric s final weight may derive from textile chemicals added to improve or enhance one or another of the fabric s properties. Representative raw materials employed for textile finishing applications are fatty alcohol ether sulfates, vinyl acetate-ethylene copolymers, hydrated alumina, alkylolamides, alkoxylates, chlorinated paraffins, alginates, sodium tripolyphosphates, sorbitan fatty acid esters, ethoxylated triglycerides, and silicones. 

This chapter is devoted to evaluate the usefulness of measurement of different physical and chemical properties of textile fibres before and after chemcial pretreatment to provide a direct assessment of effects of different chemicals. Such information about a property that is immediately and directly affected by chemical reaction will help to optimise the process conditions, whereby the desired effects can be achieved while minimising the undesired effects such as excessive strength loss etc. 

It should, however, be noted that a particular chemical property of materials can be tested in different ways. The test method introduced in this book may not necessarily be the most suitable one for the job. Sometimes, a new test method may have to be developed or established for new materials coming to the market. For example, nanotechnology can now be employed to process textiles. The claimed... 

M S. Kuligina, L.P. Kolov, A.F. Tumanova, Study of the effect of light and atmospheric conditions on chemical properties of polyester fibres by the method of infrared spectroscopy. Textile industry (1970), No 6, 88-91 (in Russian). 

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