Textile carrier

In very large volumes a roller application of a melted coating is used. This technology is closely related to the calendering of film and their lamination onto a textile carrier, as described in Section 14.4.4 in the discussions on calendering and laminating. 

Uses Binder, carrier, conditioner, defoamer, dispersant, extender, heat transfer agent, lubricant, moisture barrier, plasticizer, protective agent, softener for adhesives, agric., chemicals, cleaning, cosmetics, foods, food pkg., plastics, and textiles carrier in pharmaceuticals protective... 

Bondline Control - control of the thickness of the adhesive layer in a joint. Often by the inclusion in the adhesive of small glass spheres of a certain diameter, or a thin textile carrier material of known thickness. 

Reticulating Adhesive - Usually applied to unsupported film adhesives (i.e. with no textile carrier) where, during cure at higher temperatures, surface tension pulls the softened adhesive back to form fillets at corners. This property is useful when bonding face skins to honeycomb core materials. 

Figure 5. Scheme of a typical carpet floor covering layout 1 - layer of face fibers 2 - textile carrier layer 3 - adhesive layer (latex) with fillers 4 - textile underlay (cushioning), backing [37]... 

Textile uses are a relatively stable area and consist of the lamination of polyester foams to textile products, usually by flame lamination or electronic heat sealing techniques. Flexible or semirigid foams are used in engineered packaging in the form of special slab material. Flexible foams are also used to make filters (reticulated foam), sponges, scmbbers, fabric softener carriers, squeegees, paint appHcators, and directly appHed foam carpet backing. 

Rehable estimates of annual production of biphenyl in the United States are difficult to obtain. The 1990 figure is probably on the order of 16 million kg/yr of which about half is derived from hydrodealkylation sources. About 10% of the biphenyl derived from HD A sources is consumed, as 93—95% grade, in textile dye carrier appHcations. The remainder is used for alkylation or upgraded to >99.9% grades for heat-transfer purposes. Essentially all of the high purity biphenyl produced by dehydrocondensation of ben2ene is used as alkylation feedstock or is utili2ed directly in heat-transfer appHcations. 

The widespread use of biphenyl and methyl-substituted biphenyls as dye carriers (qv) in the textile industry has given rise to significant environmental concern because of the amount released to the environment in wastewater effluent. Although biphenyl and simple alkylbiphenyls are themselves biodegradable (48—50), the prospect of their conversion by chlorination to PCBs in the course of wastewater treatment has been a subject of environmental focus (51—53). Despite the fact that the lower chlorinated biphenyls are also fairly biodegradable (49,54,55) continued environmental concern has resulted in decreased use of biphenyl as a dye carrier (see Dyes, environmental chemistry). 

One principal use of cyclohexanol has been in the manufacture of esters for use as plasticizers (qv), ie, cyclohexyl and dicyclohexyl phthalates. In the finishes industry, cyclohexanol is used as a solvent for lacquers, shellacs, and varnishes. Its low volatiUty helps to improve secondary flow and to prevent blushing. It also improves the miscibility of cellulose nitrate and resin solutions and helps maintain homogeneity during drying of lacquers. Reaction of cyclohexanol with ammonia produces cyclohexylamine [108-91-8], a corrosion inhibitor. Cyclohexanol is used as a stabilizer and homogenizer for soaps and synthetic detergent emulsions. It is used also by the textile industry as a dye solvent and kier-boiling assistant (see Dye carriers). 

The formulation of a carrier depends on four considerations (/) the carrier-active chemical compound (2) the emulsifier (J) special additives and (4) environmental concerns. Additional parameters to be considered in the formulation of a carrier product with satisfactory and repeatable performance arise from the equipment in which the dyeing operation is to be carried out. The choice of equipment is usually dictated by the form in which the fiber substrate is to be processed, eg, loose fiber, staple, continuous or texturized filament, woven or knot fabric, yam on packages or in skeins (see Textiles). 

Dyeing procedures vary according to the fiber content of the textile material and the equipment to be used. Examples of basic carrier dyeing procedures are as follows. 

Carrier for dyes in textile industry Lubricant additives Manufacturing plastics Sesquimustard (Q) 1.79... 

Pigments are classified by an internationally recognised convention, published in the International Colour Index by the Society of Dyers and Colourists in Bradford, in association with the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists. The Index issues a generic name to chemically identical products (e.g., titanium dioxide is classified as C.I. Pigment White 6). Where structures are known, pigments are also given a constitution number (e.g., titanium dioxide has the constitution number Cl 77891).This number is reserved for the essential colorant, other ingredients, such as the carriers used in a masterbatch, do not affect this classification. 

Carriere J, Mourato D, Jones D (1993) Answers to textile wastewater problems membrane hioreactor systems. In Proceedings of the international conference and exhibition, AATCC Book of Papers, Montreal... 

Couto SR, Sanroman MA, Hofer D, Giibitz GM (2004) Stainless steel sponge a novel carrier for the immobilization of the white-rot fungus Trametes hirsuta for decolorization of textile dyes. Bioresour Technol 95 67-72... 

Initially, these lakes were precipitated onto inorganic carrier materials. It is interesting to note that this group of colorants was originally used for pigments in paints. Application in the textiles market followed later. Today, it is mainly the calcium and barium salts, but also manganese and, less frequently, strontium salts that have the largest sales volume. 

Benzoic acid can be used as a corrosion-inhibitor in emulsions and paints, as well as an anti-freeze formulation, plugging agent, and modifier in oil well applications. It has also found use as a textile dye carrier [6]. 

Dichloromethane has been used as an extraction solvent for spices and beer hops and for decaffeination of coffee. It has also found use as a carrier solvent in the textile industry, in the manufacture of photographic film and as a blowing agent for polymer... 

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