2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxicology

Gehrs, B. and Smialowicz, R., Persistent suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity in adult F344 rats after perinatal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, Toxicology, 134, 79,1999. 

Brouwer, A., Hakansson, H., Kukler, A., Van den Berg, K.J. and Ahlborg, U.G. (1989). Marked alterations in retinoid homeostasis of Sprague-Dawley rats induced by a single i.p. dose of 10 pg/kg of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicology 58,267—283. 

De Heer C, Van Driesten G, Shuurman HJ, Rozing J, van Loveren H (1995) No evidence for emergence of autoreactive V beta 6+ T cells in Mls-1a mice following exposure to a thymotoxic dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicology, 10 195-203. 

Jones, M. K., W. P. Weisenburger, I. G. Sipes, and D. H. Russell. 1987. Circadian alterations in prolactin, corticosterone, and thyroid hormone levels and down-regulation of prolactin receptor activity by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 87 337-350. 

Antkiewicz, D.S. Peterson, R.E. Heideman, W. 2006. Blocking expression of AHR2 and ARNTl in zebrafish larvae protects against cardiac toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicological Sciences, v.94, p.175-182. 

Eernandez-Salguero, P.M., Hilbert, D.M., Rudikoff, S. et al. (1996). Aryl-hydrocarbon receptor-deficient mice are resistant to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced toxicity. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 140, 173-179. 

Variations in the manufacturing process of 2,4,5-trichloro- and pentachlorophenol (but not 2,4-dichlorophenol) have sometimes resulted in contamination of the product by small amounts of heterocyclic impurities (4,5). Of these, the chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins such as TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) have received much scientific and public attention because of their real or potential toxicity 6, 7), [Chick edema factor, a curious toxicological problem to poultry producers for several years, has been shown to be composed of chlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (8).]... 

Oevere toxicological responses have been associated with certain chloro- dibenzodioxins. One of these responses is chloracne, a folliculosis first associated with skin contamination by chlorohydrocarbons in 1899 (3). Serious outbreaks of chloracne-like lesions associated with runaway reactions in the production of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol occurred in Germany in the early 1950 s (5). 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol itself does not cause acne (S), but the contaminants which may be formed in the uncontrolled production of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol are extremely potent acnegens (5). 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and tri- and tetra-... 

Studies on the chlorodibenzodioxins have led to the following conclusions (1) 2,7-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and octachlorodibenzo-p-di-oxin have a low acute toxicity (2) 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin has an unusually high toxicity (3) hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin is highly toxic but less toxic than 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (4) all chlorodibenzodioxins are not alike in their toxicological properties. Isomers of the same dibenzo-p-dioxin vary in toxicological properties, making it important to identify them specifically. 

Helder, T. 1981. Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on early life stages of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri, Richardson). Toxicology 19 101-112. 

Zeytun, A., et. al., Analysis of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced gene expression profile in vivo using pathway-specific cDNA arrays, Toxicology, 178, 241, 2002. 

The toxicologic profile for these agents, particularly that of 2,4,5-T, is complicated by the presence of chemical contaminants (dioxins ) produced during the manufacturing process (see below). 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (dioxin, TCDD) is the most important of these contaminants. Dioxin is a potent animal carcinogen and a likely human carcinogen. 

Zacharewski T, Harris M, Safe S, et al. 1988. Applications of the in vitro aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylates induction assay for determining "2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents" Pyrolyzed brominated flame retardants. Toxicology 51 177-189. 

Abbreviations. LD, lethal dose TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Source Data from Loomis TA, Hayes AW. Loomis s Essentials of Toxicology. 4th ed. San Diego Academic Press, 1996. 

Schroy, J.M., Hileman, F.D., Cheng, S.C. (1985a) Physical/chemical properties of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. The Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment Eighth Symposium ASTMSTP 891, Bahner, R.C., Hasen, D.J., Eds., pp. 409—421. Am. Soc. for Testing Materials, Philadelphia. 

Fries GF, Paustenbach DJ. 1990. Evaluation of potential transmission of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-contaminated incinerator emissions to human via foods. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 29 1-43. 

Gorski JR, Muzi G, Weber LW, et al. 1988a. Elevated plasma corticosterone levels and histopathology of the adrenals and thymuses in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-treated rats. Toxicology 53 19-32. 

Greig JB. 1979. The toxicology of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and its structural analogues. 

Holsapple MP, Snyder NK, Wood SC, et al. 1991. A review of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced changes in immunocompetence 1991 Update. Toxicology 69(3) 219-256. 

Hungerford CM. 1988. Comments on behalf of Syntex Agribusiness Inc., in response to Draft Toxicological Profile for 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. February 11, 1988. 

Johnson L, Dickerson R, Safe SH, et al. 1992. Reduced Leydig cell volume and function in adult rats exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin without a significant effect on spermatogenesis. Toxicology 76(2) 103-118. 

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