Tests and testing

Procedures for determining drilling fluid properties ate available (21,22,166). Tests and test methods ate constantly reviewed by API committees to ensure acceptable accuracy when performed under field conditions as well as in the laboratory. API pubHcations ate tepubUshed as new tests ate added or existing tests ate modified. 

If relays, instruments and other auxiliary apparatus, have a voltage other than the main voltage, they should be disconnected from the main circuit, while conducting this test and tested separately, according to their voltage rating as shown in Table 14.3. 

Test plans to be produced which define the sequence of tests, the responsibilities for their conduct, the location of the tests, and test procedures to be used... 

An important point made by the ECVAM is that these three aspects should not be considered as alternatives that could replace each other, but as parts of an integrated system which should lead to progress in the development of non-animal tests and testing strategies. 

As process validation requires significant additional samples, over and above those required for typical QC in-process and release testing, a comprehensive sampling plan is required. In addition to total numbers of samples, the sample container, the storage temperature, the analytical testing and testing timelines should be agreed and documented. 

Some statistical tests are specific for evaluation of normality (log-normality, etc., normality of a transformed variable, etc.), while other tests are more broadly applicable. The most popular test of normality appears to be the Shapiro-Wilk test. Specialized tests of normality include outlier tests and tests for nonnormal skewness and nonnormal kurtosis. A chi-square test was formerly the conventional approach, but that approach may now be out of date. 

The substitution of more benign solvents in many formulations will have global ramifications. For example, water-reducible coatings are products where the solvent system used to disperse and suspend solids is primarily water. The remainder of the solvent system may contain liquids that are classified as flammable or combustible liquids. Inherent limitations in these systems relate to product viscosity, accuracy in predicting overall fire hazard, abihty to assess physical changes of state when a product is tested, and test method rehabihty and ease of use (Scheffey and Tabar, 1996). 

Exptl hazard assessment depends on generally accepted tests and test devices. Many of these were reviewed in the front section of Vol 1 of this Encycl. Abroad, the European Commission for the Standardization of the Tests of Explosives is continuing the efforts toward the development of an improved state of the art, and its efforts are periodically documented in Propellants and Explosives (Refs 61 72)... 

Provides a basis for testing and test acceptance criteria... 

Single-species-tests (single-species-testing, both traditional tests and tests modified to include ecosystem and pollutant realism are needed). 

Single species tests and tests using bioassay batteries are called lower-tier tests.19 But in order to carry out a more stringent examination of the complex interactions between potentially toxic chemical compounds and organisms inhabiting specific ecosystems, experiments are sometimes carried out in microcosms and mesocosms the literature describes these as higher-tier tests.19... 

Microbiological tests and testing frequency Statistical sampling of plans and testing of representative samples Scientifically sound bracketing and matrixing designs Transition plan to ICH conditions for old products Samples... 

Many chromosomal alterations can be detected in plants,149 and, in addition to studies of mitotic cells, methods using microsporocytes (i.e., pollen mother cells) have permitted the study of meiotic cells.263 Although basic research in plant cytogenetics continues, cytogenetic tests in plants have been replaced to some extent in genetic toxicology by mammalian cell-culture tests and tests in whole mammals. 

Bentley KS, Sarrif AM, Cimino MC, Auletta AE. 1994. Assessing the risk of heritable gene mutation in mammals Drosophila sex-linked recessive lethal test and tests measuring DNA damage and repair in mammalian germ cells. Environ Mol Mutagen 23 3-11. 

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) provides standards, compatibility testing, and tests for mechanical properties, recommended practices and procedures as well as codes for polymeric materials. The various industry codes and standards are summarized in Table 4.95. 

Dry tests and test strips described by Morris et al. (1987) and Litman (1985) contain all the reagents required for a quantifiable test on a strip or filter. Evaluation can be performed visually or be read-out by a pocket reflectometer. Automated systems for a higher sample throughput are also available. The sensitivity of these tests is rather low (mg- xg/mL range) but sufficient for application as quick tests in clinical chemistry. 

VIII.8 SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF CATIONS IN SOLUTION The preliminary tests and tests for anions may have indicated the presence of certain elements (e.g. As, Cr, Mn) which are normally identified as cations. This information should always be kept in mind when the separation and identification of cations is to be attempted. 

Numerous factors contribute to the bamboo strength, such as type, size, age, storage conditions and duration, type of test and test procedures,... 

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