Terpolymers and Blends

A number of terpolymers (Table 6) and of blends of copolymers (Table 7) have been investigated in an attempt to pool beneficial properties of two different comonomers. Thus, VBr was combined with MMA, MA or VA to improve the oxygen permeation (cf. Sect. 2.2.2). arMethylstyrene (aMSty), as well as acrolein, were used 

Although in some of the cases moderate improvements over the simple binary compositions may be discerned from the Tables 6 and 7, none of the compositions was superior to the binary AN/VBr copolymers, at least not under the screening conditions. It should be noted that VBr containing compositions are again at the top of each of the Tables. The 1 1 blend of AN/MMA + AN/VBr (first in Table 7) is particularly interesting because it shows carbon fiber properties comparable to the binary compositions AN/VBr (4-6 % VBr) with an overall content of VBr of only 2%. 

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Blending of ABS with an acrylic material such as poly(methyl methacrylate) can in some cases allow a matching of the refractive indices of the rubbery and glassy phases and providing that there is a low level of contaminating material such as soap and an absence of insoluble additives a reasonable transparent ABS-type polymer may be obtained. More sophisticated are the complex terpolymers and blends of the MBS type considered below. Seldom used on their own, they are primarily of use as impact modifiers for unplasticised PVC. 

Seymour, R. B., Styrene-Maleic Anhydride-Vinyl Monomer Terpolymers and Blends , in High Performance Polymers Their Origin and Development, ed. Seymour, R. B. and Kirshenbaum, G. S., Elsevier, New York, p. 125 (1986). 

A broad screening of carbon fiber precursors, including binary copolymers of AN with a variety of comonomers, terpolymers and blends, in fact confirmed AN/VBr copolymers as the best precursor candidates. 

Table I. Izod Impact Strength of S/MA/AN Terpolymers and Blends...

STYRENE-MALEIC ANHYDRIDE-VINYL MONOMER TERPOLYMERS AND BLENDS... 

Organic peroxides are used in the polymer industry as thermal sources of free radicals. They are used primarily to initiate the polymerisation and copolymerisation of vinyl and diene monomers, eg, ethylene, vinyl chloride, styrene, acryUc acid and esters, methacrylic acid and esters, vinyl acetate, acrylonitrile, and butadiene (see Initiators). They ate also used to cute or cross-link resins, eg, unsaturated polyester—styrene blends, thermoplastics such as polyethylene, elastomers such as ethylene—propylene copolymers and terpolymers and ethylene—vinyl acetate copolymer, and mbbets such as siUcone mbbet and styrene-butadiene mbbet. 

FIGURE 20.12 (a) Top part shows variations of elastic modulus profile measured in different locations of the polypropylene (PP)-ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM) blend. The locations are shown by white dots in the blend phase image placed at the bottom. Vertical white dashed lines show the components borders and the elastic modulus value for this location. Vertical black dotted lines indicate the locations where elastic modulus E gradually changes between PP (E ) and EPDM (E )- These values are indicated with black arrows on the E axis, (b) LvP curves for PP-matrix, EPDM-domains, and one of interface locations. The approach curves are seen as solid black lines and the retract curves as gray lines. 

Y.H. Niu, Q. Hou, and Y. Cao, High efficiency polymer light-emitting diodes with stable saturated red emission based on blends of dioctylfluorene-benzothiadiazole-dithienylbenzothiadiazole terpolymers and poly[2-methoxy,5-(2-ethylhexoxy)-l,4-phenylene vinylene], Appl. Phys. Lett., 82 2163-2165, 2003. 

E-EA-GMA (see Table 14.3) and EEA are often used in combination as a toughening system. The optimum blend ratio of reactive elastomers non-reactive elastomers (e.g. Lotader Lotryl) is 30/70. Since the E-EA-GMA terpolymer and EEA copolymer are mutually miscible, when blended together with PET the mixture acts as a single elastomeric phase, which is interfacially grafted to the PET continuous phase. 

Nitrile rubber (NBR), a copolymer of 1,3-butadiene with 20-40% acrylonitrile, is noted for its oil resistance. More than 150 million pounds are produced annually in the United States. Applications include fuel tanks, gasoline hoses, and creamery equipment. Nitrile resin is made by copolymerizing acrylonitrile with about 20-30% styrene or methyl methacrylate in the presence of NBR or SBR rubber to yield a blend of the graft terpolymer and homocopolymer. Applications include extruded and blow-molded containers for household, automotive, and other products as well as some nonbeverage foods (spices, vitamins, candy). 

Copolymers and Blends of PC. Numerous CO- and terpolymers as well as polymer blends of BPA-PC have been developed and their suitability as substrate materials for optical data storage media has been tested (Table 8) (195). From these products, three lines of development have been chosen for closer examination. 

Further evidence of the heat stability of the PTHF blends with PVC and CPVC was obtained in an oven aging test at 350°F. Samples were removed from the oven at 10-minute intervals and compared with similarly treated blends containing the impact modifier, a styrene/acrylonitrile/butadiene terpolymer. The blends containing PTHF were outstanding in their resistance to discoloration at elevated temperature. The blends containing the terpolymer showed some darkening at 90 minutes and were brown at 370 minutes. The PTHF blends did not discolor at all until 190 minutes, and 920 minutes were required for the... 

For miscible blend phases, these parameters need to be described as a function of the blend composition. In a first approach to describe the behavior of the present PPE/PS and SAN/PMMA phases, these phases will be regarded as ideal, homogeneously mixed blends. It appears reasonable to assume that the heat capacity, the molar mass of the repeat unit, as well as the weight content of carbon dioxide scale linearly with the weight content of the respective blend phase. Moreover, a constant value of the lattice coordination number for PPE/PS and for SAN/PMMA can be anticipated. Thus, the glass transition temperature of the gas-saturated PPE/SAN/SBM blend can be predicted as a function of the blend composition (Fig. 17). Obviously, both the compatibilization by SBM triblock terpolymers and the plasticizing effect of the absorbed carbon dioxide help to reduce the difference in glass transition temperature between PPE and SAN. 

Figure 2. Composition dependence of Tg and HDT for the terpolymer/PMMA blends...

Fig. 8 Multicompartment micelle formation from p-EOF star terpolymers and binary blends of p-EOF/EO. (a) Hamburger micelle from p-EOF with a very long PEO block, (b) Segmented wormlike micelle from p-EOF with a short PEO block, (c) Hamburger micelle from blends of p-EOF/EO. Reprinted with permission from Hillmyer et al. [79]. Copyright 2006 American...

Blending of the high heat resistant terpolymer with ABS to form a miscible matrix phase, as defined in Figure 4, is of course, expected to increase the heat resistance of the ABS. The data in Table II, taken from references (2-4), provide a systematic representation of the variation of DTUL with terpolymer/ABS blend composition for the AN, IB, and MM-containing terpolymers (both glassy and rubber-modified). In some of these cases, as noted, a copolymer of a-methyl styrene/acrylonitrile was added to the formulation. From these data it is apparent that DTUL does, indeed, increase with increasing terpolymer concentration in the blends. Moreover, the effect of the terpolymer composition on DTUL of the blends is... 

This standard is for polymers, blends of polymers, copolymers, terpolymers and alloys. It considers plastic parts that have been produced under a material identity control system. Molders/fabricators are required not to employ such additives/flame retardants that would adversely affect critical material properties. A detailed discussion on national and international fire protection regulations and test methods for plastics is presented by Troitzsch [1983]. 

Styrene-Maleic Anhydride (SMA) Copolymer and Terpolymer Based Blends... 

Commercial elastomeric blends of such ethylene terpolymers and PVC have been reported to have the following advantages (i) outstanding weather-ability and ozone resistance, (ii) excellent oil... 

The choice of date range is arbitrary. The number of journal articles for each year was obtained from a search of electronic version of English-based polymer and polymer-related journals using the keywords polyolefin and blends. Within polyolefin keyword, the subkeywords used in the search were polyethylene (PE, LLDPE, LDPE, HDPE, UHMWPE, PE, etc.), polypropylene (PP, iPP, sPP, aPP, etc.), polybutene-1, poly-4-methylpentene-l, ethylene-diene monomer, ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer, ethylene propylene rubber, thermoplastic olefins, natural rubber (NR), polybutadiene, polyisobutylene (PIB), polyisoprene, and polyolefin elastomer. For the polyolefin blends patent search, polymer indexing codes and manual codes were used to search for the patents in Derwent World Patent Index based on the above keywords listed in the search strategy. 

The blends of EPDM terpolymers and isotactic PP with curing agents, such as peroxide, phenol resins, and sulfur, are termed as thermoplastic vulcanized elastomer (TPV) since the rubber domains are vulcanized. Polyolefin copolymers, such as random copolymer of propylene with ethylene, copolymers of other olefins, elastomeric PP, and elastomeric PE, are developed with recent advances of... 

During the last several years, much effort has been spent on developing new materials, based on iPP/elastomers blends. This interest is related to the fact that addition of the rubber phase improves the impact strength of the iPP, The present paper reports on a study of the isothermal crystallization and melting behaviour of thin films of isotactic polypropylene blended with an ethylene--propylene diene terpolymer and three samples of polyisobutylene with different molecular mass. 

Considerable quantities of styrene are used in producing copolymerisates and blends, as, for example, in the production of copolymers with acrylonitrile (SAN), terpolymers from styrene/acrylonitrile/butadiene (ABS polymers) or acrylonitrile/styrene/acrylic ester (ASA), etc. The glass transition temperature of poly (styrene), 100 C, can be increased by copolymerization with a-methyl styrene. What are known as high impact poly (styrenes) are incompatible blends with poly(butadiene) or EPDM, which are consequently not transparent, but translucent. For this reason, pure poly (styrenes) are occasionally called crystal poly (styrenes). 

Papazoglou and Rosenthal[71] produced nylon blends having improved low-temperature properties. Moldable nylon-6 blends with improved low-temperature impact strength and reduced brittleness were prepared by melt blending nylon-6, maleic anhydride-g-ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer, and rubber modified styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer. The impact property of the rubber-modified nylon composition is given in Table 5. The blend components were melt blended at temperatures between 260 and 310 °C. As a standard, all three components of the blend were simultaneously melt blended (A). Nylon-6 was melted first and then the functionalized terpolymer was melt blended prior to downstream introduction of the rubber modified copolymer (B). Nylon-6 and the functionalized terpolymer were first melt blended and then the rubber modified copolymer was added to the melted mixture at a downstream feed port (C). 

Park et al, reported the synthesis and application of terpolymer bearing cyclic carbonate and cinnamoyl groups. The syntheses of photopolymer with pendant cinnamic ester and cyclic carbonate groups was achieved by the addition reaction of poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-styrene) with CO2 and then with cinnamoyl chloride. Quaternary ammonium salts showed good catalytic activity for this synthesis. Photochemical reaction experiments revealed that terpolymer with cinnamate and cyclic carbonate groups has good photosensitivity, even in the absence of sensitizer. In order to expand the application of the obtained terpolymer, polymer blends with poly(methyl methacrylate) were also prepared. 

Kelusky et al. also indicated that by use of a semi preparative TREF system one could achieve an effective characterization of PE/EPDM terpolymer and PE/polyisobutylene blends. The approach for this type of analysis of blends, in which one of the components was non-crystalline, was to first collect the PIB or EPDM by elution at 30 °C followed by elution of the PE component as an analytical TREF or it could be eluted off, precipitated and recovered for subsequent analysis by SEC or NMR. They point out that the TREF separation of this type of mixture is superior to the usual solvent extraction methods which invariably remove some highly branched or low molecular weight PE in addition to the PIB or EPDM. One would anticipate that such a separation scheme would be effective for other crystalline/amorphous polymer blends such as impact polypropylenes which contain ethylene-propylene rubber. 

P. V. A. Kumar, K. T. Varughese and S. Thomas, Effect of Rubber — Filler Interaction on Transport of Aromatic Liquids through High Density Polyethylene/Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer Rubber Blends, Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research, 2012, 51, 6697. 

The co-continuous structure and the final rheological properties of an immiscible polymer blend are generally controlled by not only the viscoelastic and interfacial properties of the constituent polymers but also by the processing parameters. For example, the effect of plasticizer on co-continuity development in blends based on polypropylene and ethylene-propylene-diene-terpolymer (PP/EPDM), at various compositions, was studied using solvent extraction. The results showed more rapid percolation of the elastomeric component in the presence of plasticizer. However, the same fuUy co-continuous composition range was maintained, as for the non-plasticized counterparts (Shahbikian et al. 2011). It was also shown that the presence of nanoclay narrows the co-continuity composition range for non-plasticized thermoplastic elastomeric materials (TPEs) based on polypropylene and ethylene-propylene-diene-terpolymer and influences their symmetry. This effect was more pronounced in intercalated nanocomposites than in partially exfoliated nanocomposites with improved clay dispersion. It seems that the smaller, well-dispersed particles interfere less with thermoplastic phase continuity (Mirzadeh et al. 2010). A blend of polyamide 6 (PA6) and a co-polyester of... 

Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer (ABS), as well as its fiber reinforced composites and blends, is a very important and widely used engineering material. The demand for and production of this family of materials increase year by year however, there is only little work on the thermal degradation of ABS terpolymer (Dong et al. 2001 Luda di Cortemiglia et al. 1985 Suzuki and Wilkie 1995). 

K. Cho, T.-K. Ahn, B.H. Lee, S. Chor, Miscibility and processability in linear low density polyethylene and ethylene-propylene-butene-1 terpolymer binary blends. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 63, 1265-1274 (1997)... 

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