Trends and Directions

The ideal scenario would be to have the power of a traditional IR analyzer but with the cost and simplicity of a simple filter device, or even better to reduce the size down to that of a sensor (such as the spectral detector mentioned earlier) or a simple handheld device. This is not far-fetched, and with technologies emerging from the telecommunications industry, the life science industry and even nanotechnology, there can be a transition into analyzer opportunities for the future. There is definitely room for a paradigm shift, with the understanding that if an analyzer becomes simpler and less expensive to implement then the role of analyzers/sensor can expand dramatically. With part of this comes the phrase good enough is OK - there is no need for the ultimate in versatility or sophistication. Bottom line is that even in process instrumentation, simple is beautiful. 

Ciurczak (eds), Handbook of Near-infrared Analysis, 3rd edition, Practical Spectroscopy Series, Marcel Dekker, New York, 2007. 

Chalmers, Industrial Analysis with Vibrational Spectroscopy, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1997. 

Chalmers, P.R. Griffiths, Handbook of Vibrational Spectroscopy, 5 volumes, John Wiley Sons, Chichester UK, 2002. 

Coates, Vibrational Spectroscopy Instrumentation for Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy , Appl. Spectrosc. Rev., 33(4), 267 25 (1998). 

Over time, a large number of traditional laboratory instruments have been morphed to meet industrial needs for QC applications. Example applications include raw material, product QC and also some environmental testing. In such scenarios laboratory instruments appear to work adequately. Having said that, there are issues the need for immediate feedback and the need for smaller, cheaper, and more portable measurements. There is a growing interest in the ability to make measurements in almost any area of a process, with the idea that better production control can lead to a better control of the process and of the quality of the final product. The cost of implementation of today s (2004) process analyzers is still too high, and it is impractical to implement more than a couple of instruments on a production line. Also, there is growing concern about the operating environment, worker safety, and environmental controls. 

Ciurczak, E.W. (eds), Handbook of Near-Infrared Analysis Practical Spectroscopy Series Marcel Dekker New York, Vol. 13, 1992. 

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Although the present results are only theoretical and not yet verified by experiments, it is felt that this approach, although very much simplified with respect to practice, can be used at least as a qualitative guideline in choosing new experiments for product development. These results are therefore useful in a qualitative sense to show sensitivites, trends and directions. Experimental verification may improve the applicability to (semi-)quantitative predictions, or indicate shortcomings in the present approach, which may be accordingly adjusted. 

Other trends and directions occurring in the drug industry are worthy of note, and include the following ... 

This book presents a selection of research articles of Prof. C.N.R. Rao covering a wide range of aspects of the chemistry of materials. The book should provide the present day flavour of the subject, and also indicate trends and directions in this important area of materials. 

The areas reviewed in this chapter represent some research trends and directions in psychiatric therapeutics. Some methods, like VNS and a new generation of medications, are just entering clinical practice and only time will tell what their impact will be. Clearly, the bar must be raised so that newer treatments produce stronger beneficial effects, in shorter times, on a wider segment of patients, and with few or no side effects. These challenges, for example, are particularly formidable in disorders like schizophrenia and Alzheimer s disease, which have relatively high prevalence rates, are severely disabling, and current treatments offer only modest results. 

Clearly at this point the reader will appreciate the impossibility in this short chapter of covering all aspects of these topics, not to mention to be confident we have indeed discovered all the relevant literature. Instead, we shall focus on a selection of seminal papers and refer to the latest research trends and directions involving phosphorus-containing polymeric biomaterials in specific medical applications. 

To revert the natural trend and direct the nucleophile towards 1,4-addition, Alexakis employed the NHC ligand L17 [53], Interestingly, if organozinc or organoaluminium compounds were used instead of Grignard reagents,... 

As with previous volumes of this Report, this introduction is not intended to provide full coverage of all the important developments in the redox area of inorganic mechanisms. It highlights trends and directions in this wide-ranging discipline and leads to a more extensive coverage in the following sections. 

Seay, J.R., Badurdeen, F.F., 2014. Current trends and directions in achieving sustainability in the biofuel and bioenergy supply chain. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering 6, 55—60. 

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