Teratogenesis/teratogenicity

Farr CH, Reinisch K, Helsen JF, Neubert D (2001) Petential teratogenicity of di-n-butyltin dichloride and ether dibutyltin compounds. Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis, 21(6) 405-415. 

Arnhold, T, Ehnazar, M.M.A., and Nau, H., Prevention of vitamin A teratogenesis by phytol or phytanic acid results from reduced metabolism of retinol to the teratogenic metabolite, all frara-retinoic acid, Toxicol. Sci., 66, 274, 2002. 

Hanlon, D.P. and V.H. Ferm. 1986a. Teratogen concentration changes as the basis of the heat stress enhancement of arsenate teratogenesis in hamsters. Teratology 34 189-193. 

Reanult JY, Melcion C, Cordier A. 1989. Limb bud cell culture for in vitro teratogen screening Validation of an improved assessment method using 51 compounds. Teratogenesis Carcinog Mutagen 9 83- 96. 

Bernardini, G., Vismara, C., Boracchi, P., and Camatini, M. Lethality, teratogenicity and growth inhibition of heptanol in Aenqpus assayed by a modified frog embryo teratogenesis assay-Aenqpi s(FETAX) procedure, Sci. Total Environ., 151(1) 1-8, 1994. 

Braun AG, Nichinson BB, Horowitz PB. 1982. Inhibition of tumor cell attachment to concanavalin A-coated surfaces as an assay for teratogenic agents Approaches to validation. Teratogenesis Carcinog Mutagen 2(3-4) 343-354. 

Edwards MJ. 1986. Hyperthermia as a teratogen A review of experimental studies and their clinical significance. Teratogenesis Carcinog Mutagen 6 563-582. 

There is evidence that phenytoin is teratogenic in humans, but the mechanism is not clear. However, it is known that phenytoin can produce a folate deficiency, and folate deficiency is associated with teratogenesis. 

Mittendorf R (1995) Teratogen update carcinogenesis and teratogenesis associated with exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero. Teratology 51(6) 435-445... 

In 1973, Upshall4 reported tests of CS for teratogenicity in female Porton strain rats and New Zealand White rabbits. He attempted to simulate conditions that exist in riot-control situations, looking for teratogenesis and changes in numbers of offspring in response to aerosol exposure of both species. Control rats were subjected to handling stress and aerosols without CS. 

Teratogenesis Defects in embryonic and foetal development caused by a substance. Teratogenic capable of producing birth defects. 

Teratogenesis involves interference with the normal development of either the embryo or fetus in utero, giving rise to abnormalities in the neonate. This interference may take many forms, and there is therefore no general mechanism underlying this type of response. Many of the toxic effects described elsewhere in this book may be teratogenic in the appropriate circumstances. 

The mechanism underlying thalidomide teratogenesis has been the subject of considerable research. Thalidomide exists as two isomers, one intriguing finding is that there is a difference in the toxicity of the two isomers of thalidomide, with only the S- enantiomer being teratogenic and not the R+ enantiomer (Fig. 7.74). 

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